Air Forces Northern incident awareness and assessment playbook Essay

Morals Presentation  â â â â â â â â â â The United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) is the warrior order that is liable for security and resistance. They direct Defense of the Civil specialists through giving capacities to the DOD, Department of Defense from their territory, air and ocean segments on the side of the main government strategies outfitted towards reacting to any country security danger.  â â â â â â â â â â Among the capacities that the DOD brings to their activities is the ISR and IAA. There is no contrast between these two terms just that the term IAA has quite recently been authored by the USNORTHCOM to signify the utilization of ISR when it is applied locally to help the country security. The ISR activity basically comprise of flying both kept an eye on and unmanned stages which are set to spin over the front line top give an away from of the circumstance underneath. During the wartime, this image could incorporate the area of streets and statement of the adversary and furthermore the data that might be required to focus on the foe. ISR gives an away from of situational mindfulness that couldn't just be utilized deliberately to pick up the full picture yet additionally strategically to assemble knowledge data that are valuable in connecting with singular targets. The circumstance mindfulness that is given by the IAA/ISR turns into a noteworthy power multiplier which the officers have been known to profoundly depend on.  â â â â â â â â â â There are numerous snags to acknowledging maximum capacity for the ISR in country security. Presently there is legal, principle, moral and strategy hindrances that exist to forestall ISR from arriving at their full limit with respect to the country security arrangement.  â â â â â â â â â â Improved tenets will see the division of Defense improve their capacity to convey IAA abilities to the neighborhood, inborn, state and furthermore the government substances. The shoppers everywhere throughout the nation and furthermore the entire world will profit by improved IAA abilities.  â â â â â â â â â â The most critical moral issues come optionally where IAA abilities are utilized locally. This is on the grounds that it is realized that all the American residents appreciate opportunities of protection, articulation and they anticipate that this should be basic and be regarded in the most ideal manner conceivable. The American residents exceptionally esteem their opportunities and subsequently unwilling thoughts that appear to compromise their sacred assurance.  â â â â â â â â â â In publicizing the utilization and reason for IAA, I think there is a major moral thought in it on the grounds that the residents will become acquainted with the capacity of IAA and how they work. They won't feel that their opportunities are being encroached on yet realize this is a military activity and that is how they are and ought to be conveyed thus in so getting along, there will be no habitual pettiness between the administration and the residents. Reference USAF. (2007). Flying corps tenet record 2-9; Intelligence, observation, and surveillance tasks. Washington, D.C.: United States Air Force. Flying corps Northern. (2010). Aviation based armed forces Northern occurrence mindfulness and evaluation playbook. Tyndall AFB, FL: USAF. USNORTHCOM Public Affairs. (2008, September 18). Typhoon reaction. Recovered from United States Northern Command: http://www.northcom.mil/news/2008/091908I.html Source archive

Obesity and Biology

Stoutness and Biology Obesity isn’t named an eating issue any longer. It is more than that a person’s science plays a major roll. Cells and hormones play a major move on how enormous you are and how your body controls vitality. Food rises to vitality and the body stores that vitality in fat cells and utilizations the vitality varying. The digestion separates that food and utilizations the vitality produced from that nourishment for regular exercises, for example, strolling, talking, thinking. The quicker ones digestion is the more effective they are at separating food and utilizing the energy.The more slow the digestion the more vitality gets put away and gets transformed into fat cells and not utilized. The hormone leptin, which is created in fat cells, imparts signs to the cerebrum revealing to it that its levels are dropping which implies the cells are lessening. At the point when this happens the mind forms that data as starvation and imparts signs back to hinder th e digestion and store however much vitality as could reasonably be expected. There are individuals who eat not exactly other yet at the same time put on weight. That’s an organic issue. There are territories in the mind investigate has discovered that whenever harmed can prompt obesity.One such territory is the ventromedial nerve center and the encompassing axons. In the event that this zone in the mind is harmed at, at that point this can prompt gorging and all the more putting away of fat cells. Research directed on rodents at the University of Nebraska took a gander at this territory in the cerebrum and how it influences food admission and body weight. With harm to that territory the rodent almost significantly increased in size in the centers of around sixty days. Food consumption doesn't generally relate to body weight. It is conceivable to exorbitantly eat and not put on weight. It just issues how dynamic one is and how effective the digestion is.There are different zon es in the cerebrum situated in the prefrontal cortex that additionally can influence body weight. Those zones are answerable for food-chasing practices. On the off chance that one is constantly snared on looking for high fat food, for example, burgers and high sugar beverages, for example, coke then that can prompt an overweight issue. The issue with sugared beverages, for example, coke is that it is high in fructose sugar and that specific sugar doesn't raise insulin or leptin as different sugars do. So you drink a greater amount of the pop, which likens to more calories without satiety. The cerebrum isn't the main factor in weight another factor can be genetics.Your quality cosmetics can be answerable for how much vitality you store, and that’s all been passed down to you from your predecessors. On the off chance that your progenitors were just getting by in life by eating next to no as around 1000 calories every day and putting away a great deal of vitality in fat cells an d utilizing that vitality productively then that implies you ought not eat nourishments that are high in fat. The explanation is your hereditary cosmetics structures your body to store more vitality from food. Those whose body is organized like this that eat a typical eating routine of around 2500 calories daily will pick up weight.That is because of the way that the qualities were from the precursors thought an ordinary eating regimen of around 1000 calories was adequate to get them by. In America most nourishments you discover nowadays have a great deal of fat in them. Great tasting unfortunate food is less expensive than solid food. A burger is route less expensive than a plate of mixed greens nowadays. The American way of life expects individuals to have the option to get food rapidly. Nobody likes standing by any longer and scarcely anybody cooks any longer. Home kitchens are starting to contract as Americans midsection size is starting to develop. Drive-thru eateries cover pre tty much every business street.Americans eating way of life is probably the greatest factor in their weight. Stout individuals who get more fit wind up picking up it directly back in light of the fact that the mind thinks the body is starving in light of the fact that there are insufficient fat cells that it was ordinarily used to. An individual that gets more fit can't eat a similar sum as an individual who is normally at that weight. They need to eat around 500 calories less so as to keep up their new weight. Its not just an impermanent eating regimen they must be on, yet a lifetime diet on the off chance that they need to keep the weight off and they need to practice ordinary.

A Tale of Two Struggles

A Tale of Two Struggles It was 2AM. After a heart-warming and tummy-filling Thanksgiving break with my parents and my favorite sister (she’s kind of my only sister, but that’s beside the point) I found myself sitting in front of my desk, the room empty, and my roommates still gone. The glare of my laptop screen illuminated three sheets of paper covered in a few inked drawings for my next blog post and I took a dainty sip from my aluminum water bottle. The water tasted strangely of swimming pool. Weird. All that was left was to make the sprint from Maseeh Hall to the Student Center to use the scanner in CopyTech and my belated post could finally be uploaded. I probably should have just waited until the next morning when normal people usually run errands. But sleep deprived brains convinced me otherwise. After putting on my jacket and pulling up my toasty sweatpants, I channeled my inner polar bear and barreled through the front door. The wind was predictably cold and the Student Center was empty except for a lady in a puffy jacket minding her own business. Anyway, I was in high spirits until a minute later when all my hopes and dreams were shattered. Everything is more dramatic at 2 in the morning. The scanner in CopyTech was broken and a blinking error message smiled up at me. No amount of random button pushing could get my pictures scanned and my goal of finally fulfilling my blog posting duties was momentarily derailed. And that, my friends, is why this post is sadly devoid of any visual aids. But never fear! Once the scanner gets fixed, another post shall materialize, filled to the brim with questionable artwork drawn by yours truly. This last week has been as close to a Hell Week as I’ve ever been. You might be wondering, what is a Hell Week anyway? Excellent question. According to Urban Dictionary, Hell Week is “a situation in which a person spends a long period of time forgoing sleep and sometimes other necessities to prepare for something.” I highly recommend Urban Dictionary for all your slang needs, as long as your slang needs include reading exceedingly unreliable, crowd sourced definitions of colloquial terms. In this case, however, Urban Dictionary spit out a rather tame and accurate entry. While sleep was not entirely forgone and no meals were skipped (I fail to see how it is humanly possible to skip meals; I am hungry, hear me roar), I had a lot more work than usual. As a freshman, I don’t think I’m qualified to use that phrase to its fullest extent, especially considering how short the week was. Upperclassmen constantly regale me with harrowing tales of back to back exams or days filled with essays, psets, and lab work. They make no efforts to spare the gory details. In comparison, my week seems benign. But I’m only a freshman, so I’ll take my Hell Weeks in manageable increments, thank you very much. I had a 7.012 exam Monday night, a 8.01 exam Tuesday night, a 5.112 pset due Wednesday morning, and a 24.09 philosophy essay due Wednesday at 11:59pm. I really shouldn’t be complaining though, because as soon as the barrage of work ended, Thanksgiving break descended upon the MIT masses and we were granted a four day reprieve. Hopefully as the semesters go by, I’ll figure out how to manage my time better. Maybe next year, my sister won’t have to sit on my bed twiddling her thumbs for an hour as I feverishly try to submit my philosophy essay before the deadline. For now, everything is great, and with only 20 more days until winter break, I’m downright giddy. The only thing that stands between me and a plane back to California is a final essay and three final exams. I guess I better get studying.

Renewable And Other Low Carbon Technologies - 957 Words

lower than the target purely through adding renewable and other low carbon technologies. However, if CCGT are used in conjunction with CCS the emissions drop to 56gCO2/MWh. This could then form the majority of the baseload electricity required for the UK in 2030. Other low carbon technologies are required to aggregate the emissions down to lower than the 50gCO2/MWh target but these could come from either solar, wind, fuel cells or nuclear power. The proposed optimization mix is also highly reliant on the further development of renewable technologies, such as; on-shore and off-shore wind and solar PV technologies. It proposes an increase from the current 13.5GW to the region of 50GW by 2030. The possibilities for off-shore wind is vast†¦show more content†¦This could potentially slow the efforts of many individuals and organizations investing time and money into CCS projects [34]. Only time will tell if this is the case but one thing is for certain, by the year 2030 the electricity generation mix will be vastly different to the mix of 2016. REFERENCES [9] DECC, 2015; Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2015. London: National Statistics. Pp.118-122 [10] WWF, 2016 [11] DEFRA, 2005 CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT. HADLEY CENTRE. PP.6-10 [12] IPCC, 2013; 5TH ASSESSMENT REPORT OF THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE FROM WWW.IPCC.COM (ACCESSED 11TH APRIL, 2016) [13] DIRECTIVE 2003/87/EC, 2003. DIRECTIVE 2003/87/EC THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,. THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT. [14] UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, (1998). KYOTO PROTOCOL. KYOTO: UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, [15] Theccc.org.uk, 2015, The Climate Change Act and UK regulations | Committee on Climate Change. [online] Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/tackling-climate-change/the-legal-landscape/global-action-on-climate-change/ [Accessed 21 Nov. 2015]. [16] PARLIAMENTARY OFFICE OF SCIENCE, 2006 [17] Cooper, Duncan. â€Å"Johnson’s Energy Club Competes in Renewable Energy Case Competition†[Online],

The Effects Of Drinking On College Students - 1225 Words

During the day and age of being a youth, it is very common to make decisions without thinking and not understanding the risks that come with them. Alcohol has been a major influence on college students and many of these students are unaware of the damage that is being caused by abusing it. What students in this age group do not understand is that their brain is still developing slowly and this process does not finish until they reach adulthood. Drinking can have harmful effects on the development of the brain, which has a major impact on the student as they age. College is a very stressful time period for some and a common mistake is students abusing the amount of alcohol they consume to cope with the stress they have. The question that comes to my mind is why do those who are fully aware of what they re doing to themselves continue to drink? This issue needs to be addressed more strictly to prevent damage on college students. They are working their hardest to achieve the goals that they want and find themselves potentially being affected by a destructive habit. Alcohol can affect a student past the textbook since some effects are permanent. Peer pressure is a commonly associated term to describe others in a group pressuring you to do something because a majority is. When the question of drinking comes to my mind, I believe that the most common reason that students drink is simply the fact that everybody else is associating themselves with it too and they are trying toShow MoreRelatedEffect Of Drinking On College Students1947 Words   |  8 PagesAbout 1,800 students die every year of alcohol related causes. An additional 600,000 injured drunk and roughly 100,000 become victims of alcohol related sexual assaults (McMurtrie). Students often fail to complete their college credentials because students are overwhelmed, overextended, underfunded and under prepared due to a recent survey of students that did not complete their studies. Though 65% of students drop out plan to return, but only 38% do return to their college studies (â€Å"Each One HelpRead MoreThe Effects Of Drinking On College Students Essay2325 Words   |  10 Pagesbecame alcoholic by drinking at a young age. Throughout our younger years, it is very common for us to make decisions without thinking. What many of us fail to understand is that with some of those decisions come risk and consequence that may follow us for our entire life. Alcohol has been a major influence on college students. Many of these students are unaware of the damage that is being caused by its abuse and what effects it can have on others. Drinking can have harmful effects on the developmentRead MoreThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On College Students1290 Words   |  6 Pagescommunicating the evidence that comes from alcoholic abuse in college students. The academic environment has its impact on the undergraduate student at some point or another, it is to some the only way to have fun, unknowingly the impact of binge drinking on their life can negatively affect their future while jeopardizing their career goals at the same time this type of substance abuse is nega tive. â€Å"The highest ratio of binge drinking can be found on college campuses† (Wechsler and Austin, 1998). There is aRead MoreEffects of Binge Drinking on College Students600 Words   |  3 PagesVeronica Harper’s Effects of Binge Drinking on College Students College students are more likely to consume alcohol more than people of the same age who are not attending college. Almost half of the college students that consume alcohol are considered binge drinkers (Five drinks in a row at one sitting for a man and four drinks in a row at one sitting for women). Many students believe the use of alcohol is a big part of the college experience, thus can be concluded that the college atmosphere may influenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On College Students1139 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Binge Drinking in College Students Binge drinking is when a person has more than four drinks, if female and five if male, in one sitting. While researching texts written about the negative effects of binge drinking in college students, I found articles and scholarly journals written by specialists in this specific field of study. These authors mainly focus on the fact that excessive binge drinking is detrimental to the quality of life and can alter your state of health in a negativeRead MoreThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On College Students Essay1697 Words   |  7 Pagesfor society, and college students are no exception to this problem, especially when it comes to binge drinking. Binge drinking is classified at 5 or more drinks for men or 4 or more drinks for women within 2 hours. According to a study by Ikes, â€Å"more than 40% of college students have engaged in heavy episodic drinking (HED)† or binge drinking (find pg number) and â€Å"19% engage in frequent binge drinking† (Iconis 243). There are very large implications for college students drinking this much alcoholRead MoreThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On College Students Essay825 Words   |  4 PagesBinge Drinking would have various of ways to define what in reality means. As for college students would define it as a way to drink non-stop, just for fun, or excessively drinking until drunk. Binge drinking can be interpreted in a scientific form, like NIAAA defines binge drinking as a pattern of drinking that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels to 0.08 g/dL. This typically occurs after 4 drinks for women and 5 drinks for men—in about 2 hours. (National Institute on Alcohol AbuseRead MoreThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On College Students849 Words   |  4 PagesCollege is arguably the single most important transition in an individual’s live which they experience many forms of peer pressure and specific growth patterns. Those individuals fortunate enough to pay for their studies are able to further education far and wide across the globe, not while coming at the cost of many positives stringing some negative. With increased peer pressure and opportunity, some are introduced to a parent’s worst nightmare that being the cause and effects of binge drinkingRead MoreEffects Of Binge Drinking On College Students Essay968 Words   |  4 PagesHenry Wechsler in Getting Serious about Eradicating Binge Drinking, stresses how modern college students think that binge drinking is a norm in college life. I agree with Wechsler that the modern college student thinks binge drinking is normal. In High School, people would binge drink on a regular basis, and that eventually carried over into collegiate life. After being in college for about a month now, I realized that every night students binge drink either at bars, fraternity houses, or tailgatesRead MoreEffects Of On Campus Housing On College Students Drinking Behavior1565 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of on-campus housing on colleg e students’ drinking behavior: A Literature Review Educational scholars have widely researched the effects of on-campus housing on the behavior of college students and one of the behavioral effects is on drinking behavior. Researchers from both the United States and New Zealand have found that students living in residential halls on campus demonstrate the greatest rates for drinking and peer pressure for drinking (Rickwood, et al., 2011.). Leontini, et al.

Corporate Governance of Nike - 1748 Words

An organization created under the regulations of a state to act as a legal person to carry on business, which can sue or be sued, can issue shares to raise funds with which to start or to increase its capital is a corporation. There are also non-profit corporations organized for religious, educational, charitable or public service purposes. One of the corporations are the â€Å"Nike, Inc† which in other words can be said a company. And what here will be discussed the process how a corporate body that is Nike governs, ethic of it and the corporate responsibility of it upon the business world and balance of interest of the stakeholders such as Government, Employees, Customers, Suppliers, Creditors, Community. Corporate Governance: From the†¦show more content†¦It contracted with more than 700 shops in 45 countries all around the world. Although it is an USA based company, its most of the factories are located in Asia, including China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. Its mission’s statement is â€Å"to bring inspriation and inovation to every athlete in the world. Ethics and Objectives: Success in this era, now a days, means maintaining brand value and all that, Nike does not seem to be exceptional. It is reasonable for every company to have some codes or objectives or ethics written down somewhere, but what is important how it is communicating and enforcing throughout the ongoing business and production manner. Here can be quoted Kansas City Journal, by Arthur Chaykin even Enron...had a perfectly good code of ethics. However, no one was responsible for enforcing it, advocating it or serving as a clearing house for issues arising under it. Nevertheless it is a fact, at least whenever training is not directly increases profit, the facilities are merely just a â€Å"nice-to-have† rather than necessity. For the remedy example of Oracle Learning Management is a highly suitable solution to this problem. Barrier to the objective: One of the important points in the notion of Corporate Governance is theShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Managing Ethical Organization1377 Words   |  6 PagesMissteps—Sweatshops to Leadership in Employment Practices †¢ Why did Nike fail to address corporate social responsibility early on? The Nike brand was created in 1972, and renamed to Nike in 1978, and has since grown to be the largest worldwide seller of athletic goods, with approximately 168 Nike stores in the United States and a presence in about 160 countries. (Ferrell, O.., 2003) During the time Nike brand was created corporate responsibility was not considered a major deal yet and there wereRead MoreEssay on How to Evaluate Companies?1061 Words   |  5 Pagesfactors that may differ based on the purpose and criterion used by the evaluators or evaluating body. Perhaps the factors that must be taken into consideration when evaluating a firm are the following : business ethics, corporate social responsibility, reputation on leadership, governance and the company’s culture (Ethisphere, 2013). These factors in fact are the indicators used by the movement Ethisphere which identifies The World’s Most Ethical (WME) Companies. To define each criterion, businessRead MoreThe Pyramid Of Corporate Social Responsibility1262 Words   |  6 Pageswith penalties and charges. Shareholders don’t have money in the organization, they just invest their money when they shop or visit a retailer. In his 1991 article The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility, Archie B. Carroll, a business management author and professor, identifies four areas that make up a corporate social responsibility pyramid (Anaejionu). Archie Carroll proposes that manages of business organizations have four responsibilities: economic: business organization management areRead MoreAccounting Theory Assignment 21710 Words   |  7 Pagesaccountability of directors to shareholders and companies to creditors. As companies grow larger and become more integrated with the society, this call for a focus towards sustainability and being accountable to a wider range of stakeholders (Perks, 1993). Corporate Social Responsibility is defined as a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations by going beyond compliance and investing into human capital, environment and the relations with stakeholdersRead MorePrivate Voluntary Regulation Is Not An Effective Subs titute For National And Multilateral Regulations1338 Words   |  6 PagesCorporations such as the monitoring of labour standards and ways they try to address these issues. Closing with recommendations on ways to ensure that private voluntary regulation is used effective. Private voluntary regulations involve looking at the corporate codes of conduct, monitoring, certification and reporting of a firm. It is important to look at the reason behind the rise of private voluntary regulations to get a better picture. Private voluntary regulations came about because of activist pressureRead MoreNike : Sustainability And Labour Practises1217 Words   |  5 Pagesmore sustainable in nature. So now in this report which is based on the case study of â€Å"Nike: sustainability and labour practises†. This case illustrates that Nike was found guilty regarding the labour practises the company was following which the reason for the external criticism Nike had to face around the world during 1990 and 2000. The main purpose of this report is to study the sustainable initiatives Nike had to take to tackle these issues and further how much those steps are similar to theRead MoreNike Strategic Audit2863 Words   |  12 PagesContent Nike Strategic Audit Page 2 Appendix A IFAS,EFAS,SFAS Page 10 Appendix B Nike Porter s Five Page 11 Appendix C Nike Financial Data Page 14 References Page 19 I- Current Situation A. Current Performance • Robust financial position, $ 15 billion net Profit (See appendix B). • Market share around 47%. • 28,000 employee B. Strategic posture 1. Mission • To bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world. 2. Objectives • Provide an environmentRead MoreEthical Issues Within The Workplace1375 Words   |  6 Pagesresponsible organizations like Nike consider the effect of their activities upon all stakeholders. What is asked that the business is ethically and socially accountable and when the stakeholder assembly converts disgruntled, the character of the business gets smudged as the argument of sweatshops smeared the character of Nike. The circumstance that is being discussed is the concern of Nike doing the right thing; to be ethically answerable. Ethics can be demarcated as the code of moralRead MoreCase: Governance and Sustainability at Nike578 Words   |  3 PagesPOM 642/ 442 Case: Governance and Sustainability at Nike This case was about the struggles with sustainability with in Nike as well as the fashion industry. Greenpeace came out and slandered Nike, Adidas, Puma, and several other fashion designers for pollution resulting in the manufacturing process of their products. There are several chemicals used in the process of manufacturing clothing and shoes. Several chemicals are also used in the Dying process. Although these facility are 3rd parties andRead MoreHow Globalization And Technology Changes Have Impacted The Corporation You Researched1233 Words   |  5 Pageschanges have impacted the corporation you researched. Nike, Inc., is one of the leading designer’s, marketer and distributor of athletic footwear, apparel, equipment and accessories for a variety of sports and fitness activities. The company’s headquarters is near Beaverton, Oregon founded by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight, who set out to reinvent athletic footwear. They wanted to improve upon one pair of running shoes called Onitsuka Tiger. Nike were more than distributors; they joined forces to design

Mental Health and its Challenges-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp

Question: Discuss about the Mental Health and its Challenges. Answer: Introduction to mental health: Mental health refers to emotional, psychological and social well-being where a person has the capacity to relate to others, work productively, cope with different life stress and contribute to the community (Caplan, 2013). Mental health is highly linked to physical health too as different factors like family history of disease, health related behavior, lifestyle, life circumstances and exposure to environmental toxicants, level of social and health care support and coping skills of an individual affect the physical and mental well-being of a person (World Health Organization, 2014). The perspective about mental health also differs on the basis of culture, own personal values and behavior. The scope of this essay is to discuss about different challenges related to mental health and Christian world view about mental health. It also provides personal practice framework as a counselor to describe personal knowledge, skills, attitudes and behavior to respond to mental health challenges as a mental health counselor. Understanding of mental health and its challenges: Several psychological theories of mental health mainly imply that one of the important components of good mental health is having a closed contact with reality. In addition, the biomedical model defines mental disorder as a brain disease relying mostly on pharmacological treatment to treat abnormalities. According to neurobiological perspective, the mental health disorder is mainly characterized by chemical imbalances in the brain causing brain disease and the use of psychiatric medicine is regarded as a treatment option as they address chemical imbalances by means of disease specific drugs (Deacon, 2013). However, despite the great potential of neuroscience in revolutionizing mental health practice, the biomedical era is criticized for lack of clinical innovation and poor mental health outcomes. Although neurobiological understanding of the disease has increased development of psychological treatment, it has neglected treatment process and values of patients in the recovery process. The criticism regarding biomedical model of mental disorder was also raised because of etiological accounts. Shefer et al., (2014) has argued that that the biomedical approach is very simplistic model that is scientifically inadequate for complete recovery of mentally ill patients. It is mainly lacking in human sense and many treatment processes are very dehumanizing for patients too. Mental health challenges stems mainly from sudden changes in mood, fears and feelings of anxiety and inability to cope with life stress. The role of psychiatrist and other mental health professionals is has also become complex because of general health systems and inappropriate attitude towards the mental health patients. To reduce the sufferings of patient during the mental illness, there is a need for changes in attitude and system design too. Due to such limitation in current mental health practice, the neurobiological component of mental health has become an active area of research and there is a fo cus on combining both neuroscience and psychology. Mental disorders are highly linkers to the psychology of the human as different beliefs and thinking pattern also affects the mood and feelings of people on a daily basis. Christian world view about mental health issues: From the point of view of Christianity, the perspective of mental illness and the medications related to psychiatry is very challenging. Many Christian people have doubts regarding the effectiveness of psychiatric medications. This view and attitude about psychiatric medication and treatment option is not unique for Christianity only, several medical professionals are also going against the use of medication for psychiatry. Many Christian psychologist deny the existence of many mental illness (Clements Koenig, 2014). The Christian psychology regarding poor preference for psychiatric medication arises mainly because of the Christian perception of the human nature. They have the feeling that mood disorder or other forms of mental illness occurs due to guilt feeling and people adapt different means to reconcile with God (Stuber et al., 2014).. Hence, they do not set the problem of sin in line with other problems to define neurosis or mental health challenges. Many Christian counselors also lack the medical licensing to authorize the use of medications. Due to their different perspective about mental illness, they must be given special training to seek patients permission while ordering or stopping medications for patients. However, they often deliver treatment on the basis of their own perception about mental illness. This is ethically and legally not right and they must be given training to deal with people with mental illness. Hence, the main challenges in the mental health care system due to the Christian world view are that Christian people regard mental health as a consequence of doing sin. They also believe that care without following physical remedies is the manner in which Jesus health the patients (Stuber et al., 2014). Christian believes psychiatry is formed by wrong beliefs and notion which is not applicable to teach people with mental illness. Certain sections also believe that mental illness can be addressed by means of praye rs and rituals instead of medical interventions (Agorastos, Demiralay Huber, 2014). Hence, they adapt certain elements of psychiatry but leave major parts in order to adapt the correct approach to well-being of patients. Ethical and legal issues and post modern perspective of mental health: In the post modern world, psychiatry became the subspecialty of medicine for treating mental health issues and challenges faced by patient. Modern psychogy defined mental illness by means of different psychological theories. Some example of modern psychology theories that influenced mental health practice includes behavioral, cognitive and social theories. The field of psychiatry embraced this theory as this medical specialty mainly incorporated social science and humanities to cure people with mental illness (McNally et al., 2015). Although the psychiatric process and counseling is regarded as defensive procedure in the beginning, however it eventually results in recovery of patient. The psychological theories is also more readily accepted by people as it is least restricted and favors liberty of people instead of enslavement or separation methods to promote recovery of patients. It is also more humanistic approach to treatment where patients values and preference is respected and f ull autonomy is provided to patient or their family members regarding treatment choices (Rogers Pilgrim, 2014). Hence, the final consequence of modern approach to psychology is that it can address the limitation present in past models and make practice more favorable for mental health care professionals as it the treatment process mainly revolves around patient concerns. In the modern era, the strategies that medical school training program can take is that new staffs should be trained regarding cultural competency training to safely handle diverse group of patient and addressing the barrier in delivering care to mentally ill patient. Apart from the challenges is mental health practice due to different cultural and religious views about mental illness, there are many ethical and legal challenges in delivering care to patients too. The risk to professional liability for psychiatrist is high when the patients display suicidal behavior and any psychopharmacological issues arise. In such situation, ethical values and principles of bioethics such as beneficence, autonomy, justice, fidelity and veracity is violated. In case of voluntary or involuntary admission, taking patients consent during the treatment procedure also brings many challenges. To address such dilemma, it is necessary that patients remain informed about different ethical and legal requirements related to care of patients with mental illness. Some important patients right includes right to treatment, right to refuse treatment and right to informed consent (Dennis Monahan, 2013). Mental health professionals must have the maturity to respond to ethical ch allenges during the care process. They must be trained regarding taking the right action regarding seclusion, restraint and taking patients right related decision for patients. P roper understanding of the DSM V criteria for mental health disorder is also necessary to understand the severity and types of mental health disorder diagnosed in patient. My practice framework: You: (Who are you as the helping professional?) The above discussion has mainly given idea regarding the Christian world view about mental illness and the ethical and legal issues surrounding mental health practice that has challenged mental health care practitioner. As a mental health counselor, I also do not have very positive thoughts about the use of psychiatric medication. I feel that mental health and well-being is a spiritual concept where the thought pattern and inadequate beliefs of people needs to be changed to address mental illness. I have favored my religious thoughts about human nature, however do not totally ignore the contribution of psychiatry in the cure of people. Hence, as a counselor so far, I have focused mainly on psychoanalytic and behavioral interventions for patients so that their thought patterns could be changed and modified instead of changing their behavior through psychosis medication. There are many hazards of antipsychotic treatment too such as evidence has shown increase in symptoms of confusion a nd delirium as a result of antipsychotic medication use (Inouye, Marcantonio, Metzger, 2014). Theory: (What you need to know?) So far in my experience as a counselor, I have followed the recovery oriented model of mental illness and considered the fact that unresolved trauma in patient is seen due to poor thought pattern and social issues in life. Hence, I have applied cognitive behavioral theory (CBT) during counseling session. It has helped me to enhance positive outcome for patient as the theory focuses on how people think (cognition), how they feel (emotion) and how they act. Inquiry regarding these three areas in the counseling session has helped me to understand negative and unrealistic thought of patient and develop alternative ways of thinking in patient to address psychological distress and other symptoms (Kendall Hollon, 2013).However, as different people have different views about mental illness due to different cultural and religious beliefs, I also need to learn about several social and psychological theories too. This will help me to understand the complexity of thought patterns and cause of m ental problems in patient. In addition, my values and attitude as a mental health professional is related to promoting fairness, justice, well-being and relational harmony of patient. I focus on empowering patients so that they redevelop the skills to cope with life stress. The values of well being and being fair to patient will also help to minimize ethical and legal consequences in the care process. Practice: What you need to be able to do? As a competent practitioner, I must also be able to handle people coming from different culture. I also want to effectively adapt recovery oriented framework so that I can build a therapeutic relation with mental illness client and they develop the trust level to disclose their life issues to me during the counseling session. My practice framework is also incorporates practice knowledge, theoretical knowledge and factual knowledge for the delivery of care. Practical knowledge is related to lived experience of mental health professionals, whereas theoretical knowledge is related to appropriate models and theoretical approaches to be applied during treatment. Factual knowledge is related to following all professional standards and competency required for a mental health professional to practice. I want to integrate my gospel knowledge and give preference to client need during treatment planning. Context: On the ground, I have found several limitations in counselor training. The limitation for individual counselor increases on the basis of years serviced in counseling sessions. Some of the common challenges in counseling include issues in maintaining confidentiality of patient, taking informed consent from patient, imposing values and preserving patients right during care (Erford, 2017). This has influenced me to as many patients are not capable to engage in shared decision making due to mental illness and it increases the ethical dilemma for us. I aim to use my professional practice standards and the evidence based strategies to handle these issues in the future. My plan for the future is to engage in proper assessment process to improve my decision making skills. This will be enhanced mainly by the use of recovery oriented service delivery as it will support me to provide evidence-informed treatment and provide psychological support in way that brings best outcome well being of pati ent (Slade et al., 2014). References Agorastos, A., Demiralay, C., Huber, C. G. (2014). Influence of religious aspects and personal beliefs on psychological behavior: focus on anxiety disorders.Psychology research and behavior management,7, 93. Caplan, G. (2013).An approach to community mental health(Vol. 3). Routledge. Clements, W. M., Koenig, H. G. (2014).Aging and God: Spiritual pathways to mental health in midlife and later years. Routledge. Cockerham, W. C., Szaflarski, M. (2014).Contemporary Theory. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Deacon, B. J. (2013). The biomedical model of mental disorder: A critical analysis of its validity, utility, and effects on psychotherapy research.Clinical Psychology Review,33(7), 846-861. Dennis, D. L., Monahan, J. (Eds.). (2013).Coercion and aggressive community treatment: A new frontier in mental health law. Springer Science Business Media. Erford, B. T. (2017).Orientation to the counseling profession: Advocacy, ethics, and essential professional foundations. Pearson. Inouye, S. K., Marcantonio, E. R., Metzger, E. D. (2014). Doing damage in delirium: the hazards of antipsychotic treatment in elderly persons.The Lancet. Psychiatry,1(4), 312. Kendall, P. C., Hollon, S. D. (Eds.). (2013).Cognitive-behavioral interventions: Theory, research, and procedures(Vol. 21). Academic Press. McNally, R. J., Robinaugh, D. J., Wu, G. W., Wang, L., Deserno, M. K., Borsboom, D. (2015). Mental disorders as causal systems: a network approach to posttraumatic stress disorder.Clinical Psychological Science,3(6), 836-849. Rogers, A., Pilgrim, D. (2014).A sociology of mental health and illness. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Shefer, G., Henderson, C., Howard, L. M., Murray, J., Thornicroft, G. (2014). Diagnostic overshadowing and other challenges involved in the diagnostic process of patients with mental illness who present in emergency departments with physical symptomsa qualitative study.PLoS One,9(11), e111682. Slade, M., Amering, M., Farkas, M., Hamilton, B., O'Hagan, M., Panther, G., ... Whitley, R. (2014). Uses and abuses of recovery: implementing recovery?oriented practices in mental health systems.World Psychiatry,13(1), 12-20. Stuber, J. P., Rocha, A., Christian, A., Link, B. G. (2014). Conceptions of mental illness: Attitudes of mental health professionals and the general public.Psychiatric services,65(4), 490-497. World Health Organization. (2014).Social determinants of mental health. World Health Organization.

Observers Paradox

Introduction The observer’s paradox is also known as the Hawthorne effect in social sciences. In sociolinguistics, it was first coined and observed by William Labov when he studied variation and style in speech. He designed the famous sociolinguistic interview meant to get information about language.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Observer’s Paradox specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this interview, he emphasized on four structural parts that the interviewee was requested to do. The first was to read a list of minimal pairs; which was followed by reading a list of words in isolation. Thirdly, the interviewees were required to read aloud a short narrative; and finally engage in a conversation about their lives. This paper aims to analyse issues that arise from observer’s paradox and attempt to present ways that sociolinguists can minimize their impact. Observer’s paradox is sues Observer’s paradox as a problem lies in the process of investigating language style and usage among individuals through speech collection. In the process, a sociolinguist sets out to account in the best possible way about the variations occurring between what people say against what they believe they say. Interviewees perceive that their intelligence is being sort, and hence they alter their speech to suit these notions. As a result, the sociolinguist as a field expert faces the problem of non-reality. He cannot discern whether what the interviewee is real or not hence the idea of unknowable. A double bind situation occurs since what the sociolinguist wants to know can only be known through observation which is subject to change. The interviewee speech performance is influenced by the presence of the interviewer hence observer’s paradox (Crowley, 2007). The observer’s paradox issue has repeatedly been the subject of scholarly interest in ethnographic lingui sts. This has especially been in the study of language sensitivity in the social situation context. The sociolinguist who is also an interlocutor forms a critical component in the process since he is responsible for the interactional role. A sociolinguist can only collect targeted speech on a daily basis in order to obtain reasonable amounts for analysis. This is meant to overcome observer’s paradox. The interviewer can only engage fully in the conversation as a participator at the lowest level. This means that his social relationship in the process allows for the most minimal effect to the linguistic data collected (Meyer, 2005). There needs to be an effective strategy laid down in the form of roles and procedures that outline what the interaction roles are for the interviewer. As a fact, the team interviewer contradicts this role hence the name interlocutor. His relationship with the social group under investigation needs to be present before any interpretation of any lingu istic behaviour is explained to seek for certain senses.Advertising Looking for critical writing on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The observer’s paradox also throws into light the question of social class between the interlocutor and the informant. In cases where the two are of unequal status, the informant takes the higher side and thus this influences the information collected. This results to information that reflects self-importance or even looks down effect unto the interlocutor hence any attempt to analyse the data results to wrong conclusions (Stockwell and Trask, 2007). In cases where the interlocutor is of higher social status, the effect to the informant would be either that of aspiration to illustrate same social status to that of the interlocutor’s or one that is too affected by inferiority effect. In these two scenarios, the interlocutor does not have the best information to analyse la nguage in the social group since already it has been affected by his presence. Another issue that arises in the observer’s effect is the problem of bilingual social groups. In such social groups, it is very difficult to maintain an interactional conversation between two people due to the process of code switching. Informants keep on switching to the other codes available hence this becomes a challenge to the smooth flow of the desired speech language. At times, both the interlocutor and informant are of the same social group and ethnicity. In this case, code switching is influenced by the need to fulfil the cultural demands of politeness hence promoting code switching. Again this problem is aggravated by the problem of status equality between the two persons (Wei, 1994). The issue of age is also another observer’s paradox area of concern in the field interview. The informants have their own views about age. If an interlocutor is of a lower age than the informant, chanc es of false linguistic data collected are high. This is even compounded by issues in gender variations. The informants and the interlocutor may influence the responses in the conversations to suit a certain gender hence observer’s paradox effect. The informants may think that the interlocutor is interested in studying their knowledge hence they may give misleading data that result to flawed analysis of the language in the social context (Crowley, 2007). Education is also an issue that is raised in the process of a sociolinguistic interview. Speakers who have lower levels of education differ significantly when compared with those with high levels of education. The education level of the informant and that of the interlocutor may at times be very different hence promoting a situation where the informant’s responses are impacted greatly.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Observer’s Paradox specifically for you for only $16. 05 $11/page Learn More The interlocutor at the same time may despise an informant who has very low levels of education. This may create an unnatural relationship between the two. This leads to production of unnatural speech that does not qualify to the intentions of the process of sociolinguistic study of language variations in social groups. The observer’s paradox comes into play when the cultures of the informant and the interlocutor are at extreme ends. In this case, the informant may find it difficult to interview a culture that is superior just as it would be to maintain professional equality when dealing with one that is lower than his (Aarts, and McMahon, 2006). The other regards ethnicity in the sense that different ethnic languages may pose problems to an interlocutor interested in collecting linguistic data. This problem is seen in the context of social relationship or rapport that the interlocutor must create in order to set out a conversational sett ing for effective collection of data (Crowley, 2007). Sociolinguists have attempted to minimize the effect of observer’s paradox trough different techniques and measures. Arising issues from such techniques include ethics in the process among others. Ethics means refers to accepted codes and standards of procedures in behaviour in a given set up or society. Informants who give misleading information leading to incorrect recordings breach the ethics of truth and honesty at all times. The data analysed forth from such recordings becomes flawed due to such issues in the process on the part of the informant or interlocutor doing it knowingly (Kastovsky and Arthur, 2000). Any attempts to collect data using hidden recorders breaches the questions of ethics since a sociolinguist cannot get any data secretly in his research. The speaker must know at all times that he or she is being recorded otherwise it becomes illegal in any part of the world. The fact that the informant is a frien d or family does not give the right to record them secretly. This is because it only leads to breach of trust resulting to damaged relationships. The attempt to decrease the effect of observer’s paradox emanates from the desire to present quality work rather than quantity. This means removing the human informants in the process of research, of which it is not possible (Stockwell and Trask, 2007). Another issue an interview related to observer’s paradox concerns the questions and how to ask them. The process of interviewing is guided by questions that are structured to get the most natural display of linguistic data. Interviewers must learn the questions that must change the interview to the friendliest of all. The interviewer must thus keep in mind that besides being a researcher and a fieldworker he is also a speaker and a hearer in the conversation.Advertising Looking for critical writing on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The interviewer must thus use strategies like volunteering personal experiences, reacting and responding to new issues as well as following conversations to where the informant directs them. The questions must be developed according putting in mind that they must elicit data and create a conversation setting (Aarts, and McMahon, 2006). Questions that elicit emotions have been found to be favourable in some situations as opposed to others. Therefore, the interviewer must use his social skills to allow flexibility in order to determine a successful interview process. In terms of setting the roles, the interviewer should present an interview that encourages the interviewee to offer information through closer relationship rather than a distant one. In this role, the interviewer sets up a setting which allows him to behave as a learner rather than an expert hence every question leads to another which is related. The interviewee must get interested in the informant in order to produce a r elationship that is supportive and building. Information disclosure in the field work is concerned with letting the informant understand the purpose of the research. This is usually not possible since quite a number of informants do not understand issues in linguists that are under study. In an interview, this is an important aspect to and it should be kept minimum. When informants are told the purpose of the study, there is a possibility of a speaker’s influence is possible. This may lead to performance bias that can be conscious or unconscious hence the problem of informed consent (Kastovsky and Arthur, 2000). The practicalities of the time range that an interview can last are also other issues raised by the observer’s paradox. Labov in Crowley (2007) wrote that it should last between one to two hours. Determination of how long it should take must be dependent on what forms the subject of interest in the interview. This is because different linguistic data demands va rying amounts of time for considerable data recording. Also, the issue of breaking familiarity with the interviewer in order to present a situation that is familiar determines the time and extent of an interview. In practice, interviewers use a repetitive strategy that involves the same informant for a period of a long time. Conducting interviews in a repetitive manner, which spans for a long period, has often in practice been a measure to minimize the impact of observer’s paradox upon the process. Repetitive interviews create an environment that promotes conversation rather than an interview’s formal setting. Accurate transcription of data recorded from the field work is another issue of concern. The difficulties arising from transcription are based on the fact that no account can include everything recorded. The transcription may lead to the inclusion of any amount of contextual data hence the potential infinite extent of the problem. This problem is also aggravated by time and cost. In addition, the interaction of human and machine contributes to the aggravation of the problem. Further arising from this issue is the problem of the subjective interpretation to recorded data that only leads to the truth which is intended by the purpose of inquiry that plays the judge and the audience (Murphy, 2010). The recorded data may be influenced greatly by background noise and interruptions that negatively impact on the quality and clarity of such data. This presents problems in transcribing phases as tedious time is wasted while the quality of the information gotten is susceptible to alterations and changes not meant to be present. Therefore, there must be efforts to change these issues in order to get the best process when recording information. The issue of transcription extends to the methods of collecting data (Thierberger, 2012). The instruments used to record data have sometimes been observed to contribute to the observer’s paradox effect. Th is is when they attract attention that changes the informant’s natural language elicitation. However, at other instances, materials used to record data present the problem of applicability to modern data analysis. These instruments may lead to time wastage due to their incompatibility hence also affecting the quality by falling below efficiency standards. On the same issue, the materials that are used to record may not be comprised in terms of quality and durability. This may necessitate the need for extra and constant care. If this lacks, the effective process of the interview may fail, and this leads to waste (Penke and Rosenbach, 2007). Minimizing the effects of Observer’s Paradox Sociolinguists have been concerned with reducing the effects of observer’s paradox in efforts to collect natural speech from an informant. As noted the observer’s paradox is brought about by the presence of the field worker, a recording device and the task itself and thence m inimizing strategies must revolve directly or indirectly to these issues. These may include modifying the interview, the topics to be discussed in the activity, as well as the situations in the processes (Thierberger, 2012). Stockwell and Trask, (2007) wrote that using protocols that engage the informants in emotionally involving responses, recoding events that are public and being recorded helps to minimize the potential of interference in the process of research. Labov in his quest for this solution observed that there was a need for the interlocutor to make process most friendly upon the informant. This was through participative observation where the informant becomes part of the conversation hence reducing the formality of the interview process. Another approach requires the interviewer to enlist the number of informants to more than one (Thierberger, 2012). In the process, the participants engaged in more natural speech between themselves rather than with the interlocutor hence resulting recorded data becomes empirical. This strategy result in a casual speech where the relationship between the informants is not restricted by formality issues or other constrains of the stranger effect. Another strategy for minimizing the observer’s paradox involves increasing the number of interviewer’s in order to improve the dynamics of recording sessions as well moderation settings in the process. The presence of two interviewers allows the generation of ideas and topics in a wide context hence make the process natural (Chambers, 2003). A third strategy involves removing the interviewer in the process although this has issues in the recording process. Macaulay’s in Meyerhoff (2006) notes that research onto two pairs of adolescents who were left alone to engage in a conversation led to more data gathered quickly from a number of speakers as compared to the classic interview. It was effective based on the fact that the interview took the natural, conv ersational approach. In this case, the interviewer was actively removed from the process although there are methodological issues to consider. As already mentioned, overcoming the observer’s paradox may be achieved through repetitive friendly interviews. Such interviews maintain a rapport hence including familiarity in the process. The moment familiarity is included in an approach then the sociolinguist enjoys a process that records almost casual speech. This gives data which is factual and helpful in understanding the variations in language as espoused by different social groups. Moderating questions to suit a certain setting, as well those that have been known to demand most natural display, is another way to minimize the observer’s paradox. Informants would respond to questions by giving insights on linguistics’ features of their language if they are correctly designed. In addition, the amount of time that an interview should take is also an effective strateg y since the interviewer can avoid time ranges that are tiresome or inappropriate. This helps to minimize the observer’s paradox on the informant hence resulting to the desired information. Sociolinguists should avoid disclosing the purpose of research study due to the problem of bias that comes with informed consent concept (Thierberger, 2012). In terms of differences in ethnicity, it has been observed sociolinguists who use family and friends achieve corpora quickly and from a large audience. Sociolinguists may use interviewers whose ethnic orientation coincides with the informant for effective, natural speech data collection. This is workable based on the fact that an interview where the conversation approach is employed leads to success. Age difference is also another issue in the observer’s paradox which sociolinguists must try to overcome. It can be solved by first laying down the procedures and regulations that should be followed in a research process. In this fi rst approach, the researcher identifies his target in terms of ages and thus the deliberate choice of the interviewer must be put into concern in order to coincide with the average age of the target interviewee (Thierberger, 2012). Education levels are another issue which sociolinguists must resolve to overcome consciously. Where education levels are varying the observer’ paradox can be overcome by applying the use of different languages in the process. The application of such languages helps to involve informants in less-engaging language thus reducing the problem of the language barrier. The interviewer goes down to the level of the informant to take the position of a fellow companion. This is as opposed to an educated stranger who is aloof to the lowest social groups’ level of understanding and perspectives. Another universally acclaimed way to minimize observer’s paradox effect is the use of participative observation. The sociolinguist in this case takes to anthropological dimensions by spending time in the speech community in order to gain the social closeness while at the same time investigating the language. This method creates familiarity although it has its problem in terms of interference and influence (Meyer, 2005). The problem of transcription is solvable through the application of standard procedures in recording and transcription. These standards should be put in place in considerations of the study intended, as well the purpose. At the same time, this helps to decide on the materials that support long lasting storage of information. This would solve problems of lost data due to wear and tear, and obsoleteness. The instruments used for such recordings should not be seen to contribute to the observer’s paradox effect. Thus, sociolinguists may utilize modern, efficient, as well as portable recorders in order to minimize this effect. Conclusion The paper focuses on the aspects that arise from the observer’s paradox . This is done from the perspective of the interviewer, the interviewee as well as the interview process. The three are involved in explaining issues like education, age, gender, ethnicity, and language. Others describe issues like data transcription and recording. After the issues, the paper checks the different ways each one of them can be solved by sociolinguists. This is in an effort to overcome its challenge hence reducing or mitigating observer’s paradox. Reference List Aarts, B and McMahon, MSA 2006, The handbook of English linguistics:  Volume 36 of Blackwell handbooks in linguistics, John Wiley Sons, Oxford. Chambers, JK 2003, Sociolinguistic theory: linguistic variation and its social significance  Language in society, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. Crowley, T 2007, Field Linguistics: A Beginner’s Guide, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Kastovsky, D and Arthur M 2000, The history of English in a social context: a contribution to historical sociolinguistics, Vo lume 129 of Trends in linguistics: Studies and monographs, Walter de Gruyter, New York. Meyer, GP 2005, Synchronic English linguistics, Gunter Narr Verlag, Tubingen. Meyerhoff, M 2006, Introducing sociolinguistics, Taylor Francis, New York. Murphy, B 2010, Corpus and sociolinguistics: investigating age and gender in female talk, Volume 38 of Studies in corpus linguistics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Florence. Penke, M and Rosenbach, S 2007, What counts as evidence in linguistics: the case of innateness, Volume 7 of Benjamins current topics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Florence. Stockwell, P and Trask, L 2007, Language and linguistics: the key concepts, Taylor Francis, New York. Thieberger, N 2012, Linguistic Fieldwork, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Wei, L 1994, Three generations, two languages, one family: language choice and language shift in a Chinese community in Britain Volume 104 of Multilingual matters, Multilingual Matters, FranfurtLodge. This critical writing on Observer’s Paradox was written and submitted by user Dayton Ortiz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Childs Bath essays

Childs Bath essays The first painting I chose at the museum was an oil painting on canvas. It depicted a women and child in a very informal setting. The woman was tenderly holding a small child on her lap, while bathing her. I was drawn to the piece from across the room, by the soft, glowing toddler. The child was clothed only in a small white towel and her ivory skin seemed to glow against a muted background and it wasnt until I was very close to the painting that I even realized that there was another form in the composition. As I studied the painting further my eyes were drawn in the direction of the eyes of the two figures and it was then that I noticed the strong lines of the womans hands. They were a little out of proportion for a woman; they had an almost masculine quality. Yet against the soft rounded lines of the childs thigh there was a tenderness that was almost palatable. After reading the plaque next to this painting I learned that this artist used more masculine hands on all of her paintings of women and children to emphasize them. I think that it not only accomplishes that but the contrast between the strong lines and soft flowing lines leads to a feeling of stability. The combination of the muted colors, strong solid lines of the mothers hands, and the soft organic lines of the child all lead to a very peaceful, moving, tender portrayal of a mother and child. ...

Evolutionists and Creationists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evolutionists and Creationists - Essay Example As explained in www.pbs.org, evolution is founded on evidences which are attached to universal principles that elucidate visible and verified features of the human race. By learning fossil accounts we have a fine image of the evolution of human life and the series of definite features which have advanced through the years. The detection of fossils, on the other hand, has challenged several in their basic religious viewpoint. Evolution is a continuous process. On a biological stage, evolution takes place on every day basis. Being an evolutionist I am aware of the fact that micro organisms transform, reproduce and go by different types to stay alive in their atmosphere. They take in, adjust and create genetic amendment over generations so as to raise their survival time. This development of new organisms, on the other hand, causes a difficulty for the growth of new antibiotics that are not resistant to some specific micro organisms. This wires Darwin's hypothesis of natural collection. Creationists trust that all existing things were shaped and made by God. The Book of origins, a declaration of believes in the words of Moses is a consideration to have inspiration by God. The book explains the formation of the world and of the origin of human race (Adam & Eve). In accordance with Christians, this is the single material evidence to support their faith in verifying our reality. A creationist may quarrel that the knowledge of evolution cannot confirm nor contradict the reality of God or the Supreme power. Science does not make an allowance for the continuation of a spiritual element, as this can neither be measured nor examined by science with proofs to sustain trust or conviction. In addition, supernatural motions, findings, other spiritual experiences and mysterious events, which a lot of people declare to practice or examine, are possible. Science rejects these claims as 'quackery'. Creationists quarrel that the statistical possibility of our subsistence without an intellectual design is almost unfeasible. This point directs towards the existence of God or an intellectual Supreme Being. Therefore, a large amount of our humanity has the need to trust in religious conviction and the Bible as the basis of all reality. All arguments and theories are still unable to solve this riddle as to what made us. Creationists believe that there is a Powerful Being which has created us and they do not need any evidence for this statement. They have firm believe that faith is enough to get rid of questions and misconceptions. They may furthermore quarrel that if the evolutionist were right in their conviction that we are straight ancestors of the ape then why do apes still survive. Or, if we developed from a particle, where and how did that particle start off When did the time begin The creationist trust the world, time and the Supernatural Being had no commencement or ending and that God always existed, still exists and will exist eternally. However, evolutionists believe in evidences and scientific proofs. With the evolutionistic eagerness and zeal for the mission of scientific answers, this investigation will persist to be more studied until verification of our foundation is exposed. The earth has covered an extensive record of ecological, climatic, soil and water changes.

NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF HURRICANE KATRINA ON THE GULF REGION Essay

NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF HURRICANE KATRINA ON THE GULF REGION - Essay Example Moreover, while giving examples about the hurricanes that hit before the hurricane Katrina, it presents a comparative analysis of how the hurricane Katrina was different from those that happened earlier and why was it a major setback for the Homeland Security Departments of America. Furthermore, the book also describes the major factors and problems of the hurricane and why is it marked as an important event in the history of America. Also, this book gives details about how the government tried to help people recover all that they lost in this catastrophe, and what kind of role did the government play in helping them economically and psychologically (Hoffman, 2007, pp 25-89). Palser, B. (2007). Hurricane Katrina: Aftermath of Disaster. Compass Point Books. This is a comprehensive book, with easy to understand vocabulary and language. The book provides with the details of the hurricane Katrina that hit the Florida, rapidly moving towards the Gulf of Mexico, causing hundreds of deaths and heaving thousands homeless. Also, it states how the government failed to provide enough backup fur the people of America, as it was one of the most accurately predicted hurricanes in the history of America. ... Brinkley, D. (2007). The Great Deluge: Hurricane, New Orleans, and the Mississippi Gulf Coast. HarperCollins. This book written by the bestseller author, Douglas Brinkley (2007) epically describes the events that caused major devastation in the United States of America; the hurricane Katrina. The hurricane Katrina that demolished ‘Gulf Coast cities of America’ (Brinkley, 2007) and took away hundreds of lives within just five hours was one of the five most catastrophic hurricanes in the history of United States. This book highlights all the events preceding the hurricane Katrina, including the mismanagement of the government officials and the lack of preplanning in spite of the early prediction. Moreover, this book also records the stories of actual survivors who witnessed and experienced the hurricane, it narrates all the troubles that they went through and how the hurricane affected their lives. It states the emotional, physical and economic losses of the survivors and describes how they are coping up with their lives in the current time; years after the disaster took place. Moreover, it also identifies the role played the government to help the survivors. Plus it also plays a tribute to the unsung heroes of the hurricane Katrina, who sacrificed their own lives to save others (Brinkley, 2007). Brown, D. (2005). Hurricane Katrina: The first seven days of America’s worst natural disasters. Lulu.com Press. This book was written with the intentions of donating funds for charity purposes. The book narrates the whole event of hurricane Katrina that destroyed lives in America within just hours. It states how dramatically the lives of the victims changed

Economic Analysis of Nintendo

Economic Analysis of Nintendo Nintendo is a company which manufactures video games and gaming consoles and it is not new company as, it have been one of the oldest in the stock market. This company actually produces different devices of technology that upgrade the new videogames that had launched in the world, the name of Nintendo is very famous and became the most dominant in the in the games industry. And eventually most people universally known NES from many years and must have seen its success and also its debts from many years, which any company faces both of them. It was the leading game worldwide who dominated the market in video games for many years till their critical step they took in the year 1993, taking over SNES which is also known as Nintendo Entertainment System. Nintendo sold about 565 million of hard ware units and 3.4 billion software units and currently it is one of the best companies in the games history. (Techshout 2011) Nintendo Company Limited is one of the oldest and also one of the best games of all times which is originally from Japan, Kyoto. The name Nintendo was given by a Japanese name called HanaFuda which was launched in the year 1889 as a playing card. These cards were 52-deck playing card these were mostly made for exports but were later sold in Japan for the increasing population. However, later it grew and become one of the largest business producers in video games, selling games like The Legend of Zelda, Donkey Kong, Pokà ©mon and Super Mario Brothers. Even after so much completion if you ask any game producer company like Sony, Microsoft, and many more, where did they get the idea or the start Im sure they will tell you only one name Nintendo, the meaning of Nintendo in English means the thing we can do the best and rest leave it to God. Nintendo WII and Sony play station and also Microsoft Xbox went high in the stock market in the year of 2011where youngsters around had it. These ga mes have a lot of tools like listening to music and using internet and in that way they could download movies and play video games online. (Kotaku 2009) The first video game launched by Nintendo was the Nintendo ES, which was grey color box which had only x and o to play with, followed by many games like Nintendo super As, 64 Nintendo, Nintendo, Nintendo Revolution which was launched in late 2006. Hence, later famous games which had a good name and a great sales turnover for Nintendo which made their profit increase and produce more products, then the game boy launched in the market and after seeing such a big success it launched the advance version of its which was later called Gameboy advance, and then Nintendo DS. Nintendo noticed a great fall in its sales between Nintendo 64 and Nintendo, because of the great game launched by Sony, called the Sony PlayStation and people would buy Sony play station than Nintendo 64 and Nintendo. The Sony PlayStation 2 and also Microsoft which launched into the market its Product called Xbox, had some features of the other games but in an advanced level. Having some debts thing didnt affect Nintendo much because they knew that they will come back into the market with games that are more powerful than their last ones and in that case it would have the demand of the market by their side, with advance advanced gaming system, like now we can see in this graph that as it went by it keeps on increasing by million units. (Gizmodo 2006) 2. Trends analysis 2.1 Past of Nintendo The Game cube was unveiled on August 24th 2000 but customers were only allowed to buy it during the launch in November 18th 2001. During the launch of the GameCube, it was recorded as the fastest selling home video games console. Within North America over 500,000 systems were sold which was double than Microsofts Xbox and was 25% faster than the launch of the PS2. Nintendo had made about a $100 million on GameCubes and merchandise that was related and with the release of the Harry Potter and the sorcerers Stone earned them a gross of $93.5 million. (Cubicle2001). Even thou the Game Cube had done really well in its launch; it did have an outstanding performance well over the years after of its life hood the market share were majorly occupied by the Sony PlayStation2 and then Microsoft Xbox, leaving the Nintendo GameCube last. The game developing companies that produced games for each console have shown the destitution of their products to each console. This is a combination of EA, Avt ivision, UBISOFT, THQ, and Midway. These were companies that produced games. (the guardian 2012) You can see that the Sony PlayStation had an upper hand when it came to talks about market shares but over the quarters there have been substantial drops of sales. Not only just for Sony but also in Microsoft and Nintendo, yet still Nintendo being the worst out of them all. Even thou it was shown to be the greatest ever gaming consoles to be sold over there year leaving PS2 and Xbox to eat its dirt. 3. Economic Analysis 3.1 Production Possibility Frontier As Nintendo manufactures many gaming devices and consoles they always kept the primary objective as one. In 2009 when the new Nintendo DS was launched it made a great profit for Nintendo company and after one year when they fully launched Nintendo Wii which was a blast for the competition which made a profit of millions was in their choice that which one to manufacture more either the Nintendo DS or Nintendo Wii. And in the below given diagram u can see how do they do this. As in the diagram above you can see that the console Wii is manufactured in maximum rate of 2000 per month and if they manufacture 2250 Nintendo ds devices than they will make more Wiis and if they reduce the output for Wii than the output for Nintendo ds Wii increase. 3.2 supply and demand Demand for Nintendo device in the market and competition stands higher than Xbox and ps3 because Nintendo operates portable devices and consoles which other companies have not done yet. And Nintendo Wii was the first game in which you can actually react outside the screen and your own prototype will do the same movies in the screen. In Nintendo Wii you can have games that can provide you home fitness such as yoga, cardio exercises and such games which really help your movements to get refreshed and make you stay in fitness. After Nintendo Wii was launched Xbox bought up their Kinect through which you can do the similar things as Nintendo Wii but with better graphics and improved technology than Nintendo Wii. Quantity Demanded In the diagram above you can see the demand for the Nintendo Wii and as you can see the demand for the console is high and people are ready to buy it in an affordable price and if there is a decrease in price of Wii than the demand for it will increase automatically. Nintendo has their supply all over the world and it makes great amount of profit from all the places where it supplies its devices and consoles. If Nintendo would increase the value of their products, people would not wish to buy their products anymore so they should supply in a particular limit in the monthly basis and in that case they should keep lower prices from which they can take their profit out and a price which would be reasonable for the people to buy. In the diagram above as you have seen that Nintendo supplies at the price of P1 and they supple Q1 amount of goods so if Nintendo starts to transport more goods than they will have to increase the price together as well because of the other cost of exporting the goods. 3.3 Opportunity Cost In 2007 Nintendo DS was one of the best portable device and 170,000 devices were sold in Australia and if in one country Nintendo DS was sold in thousands of quantity then how much would they would have sold in the rest of the part of the world. When Nintendo Wii was launched it was a big challenge for the other gaming competitors because it was a total different technology and which made sales huge amount of sales around the world and at that time Nintendo DS was not that competitive so Nintendo lowered down the sales of Nintendo DS and the plan they had was to keep Wii in the market and stop Nintendo DS and after a while bring up Nintendo DS up with a better technology so as they planned they have now launched their latest Nintendo 3DS which is a convenient device and in which the games are all in 3D and without using 3D glasses people will be able to play in 3D just believing in their eyes. 3.4 Economies of scale As Nintendo has a very good reputation in the market and they hold a very good position in the market and people are willing to buy their products more so if Nintendo increases the quantity of supplying more goods and specializing on more technology which is going to happen if they get more capital into the business and invest them to get more machinery for more output and making sure of using them properly because it will be of no use if they get a new machine and they dont use it. More supply and decreasing the prices will result into economies of scale. 3.5 Pricing When a product is manufactured the cost of making that product is the original price of the product and the value added on it is the profit and the original value is used to manufacture same product again and the profit left after it is either distributed or invested into the business for more production. 3.6 Law of diminishing Returns Nintendo is a multinational company and it operates in more than one country so it is a huge company and they loads of sales and profit earnings they must have many employees labors. Having many labors a firm and giving them the same task is not that good because there will be some of them who will try to escape from work and be dependent on others which is not there and they will not be affected by anything because they will be paid in the end of the month. It is always better to have limited amount of labors and giving every different labor an altered task. Removing the lazy workers and having the good ones is always a better option and which will also save cost and that amount can be used in many other things such as getting more raw materials, giving more security services to the workers who work, savings for the working workers and in the end of the month giving them bonuses and etc. 3.7 Production cost and nature of competition for Nintendo: Nintendo is a Japanese company that specializes in video game consoles. The product line includes Game Boy line, Color TV Game, NES (Nintendo Entertainment System), SNES, Virtual Boy, Nintendo 64, Nintendo Game-Cube, Game-boy Advance, Nintendo DS, Wii, Nintendo 3DS, and various video games that are sold world-wide. Nintendo: Production Cost Nintendo is clearly the leading video game selling console for the current generation. It manages to sell more than the leading rivals combined on a regular basis and now there are suggestions that indicate Nintendo might be prepared to reduce prices in order to make its devices even more attractive. Analysts have said that costs associated with manufacturing Nintendo devices have fallen quite clearly since the initial introduction into the market. In fact, the various components and the process itself has been discovered to be 45% cheaper. As a result, the gaming device will get a price cut in order to boost sales. In some ways the price reduction has been seen as necessary for Nintendo due to its recently disappointing performance in some regions. A reduced manufacturing price for Nintendo devices means that the company is making more money on each console it sells. Other sources have discovered that just because Nintendo can it doesnt mean it will drop the systems price. This might be especially relevant for consumers in areas which recently saw the devices take a hike in price due to the declining value of their currency. Overall, some consumers find the company currents devices to be expensive but others say its fair considering the technology offered, so whether or not we agree with the current prices or not, it all comes down to whether or not we believe we are getting our moneys worth. Either way, whoever at Nintendo figured out a cheaper way to construct the devices must have earned a promotion. Conclusion Nintendo a well know Japanese multinational corporation based in Kyoto, Japan is the worlds most famous gaming company specialized in card and video gaming, Founded by Fusajiro Yamachi when it first started to produce card games which it aimed for export but was also demanded by the local market and has lead it into becoming worldwide gaming company with millions of production each year and new version coming up often with better and much more functions. It has kept high profile for its goodwill till the 1990s,However it has seen a decrease in its sales after the competition firms such as Sony, Microsoft etc. till 2006 until the production of the Nintendo Revolution which has given the organization a goodwill and brought it back to the market. Moreover which has given the green light to create an advanced version of it called Gameboy and later changed it to Gameboy Advanced with faster processors and better effects. On the other hand Nintendo plans to launch a new home console sometime in 2012 and has also show interests in increasing the Nintendo 3DS and Wii awareness. Nintendo is aiming to have a steady release of software over the next year, no huge gaps between releases as it seems, however there has been no dates issued but has disclosed the future plans as the following There are plans to enhance the line-up for the 3DS, internationally Nintendo says beginner, middle and core gamers are all related Nintendo is dedicated to expanding the core gamer audience More collaborations with third parties is promised, including content for online networks Nintendo wont allow another gap in software releases Steady stream of software to be released next year 16 million 3DS hardware sales target is not conservative, but aggressive The priority this year is 3DS hardware sales, and as such, Nintendos profitability has been sacrificed Nintendo is aiming to grow the 3DS to being a core platform There isnt a lot of opportunity for Street Pass in USA Implied release of Wii U to be later than June 2012 Assumption of Wii U launch in Japan in September, EU/NA in November The Wii Us final version will be shown at E3 next year Nintendo is aiming to accelerating digital offerings and downloadable content A Pokà ©mon game may be arriving in Spring, and it might be related to Poke Park 2 (Nardi 2011)

Lebanon Essay example -- Lebanese History, Religion, Politics

In the United States, citizens take their freedom and rights on numerous things for granted. Different countries, such as Lebanon, do not get to experience the wide range privileges we have grown accustomed to in America. Settled in the western party of Asia, Lebanon appears to be a quiet and calm country. But Lebanese citizens constantly debate and fight over their country’s status on controversial and different human rights, such as laws against the gays and their country’s women’s right, on a daily basis. Lebanon is a country very well known for its strict religious Muslims upbringing (Lebanon 2011). Because of the country’s religious background, sexual relations and sexuality remains a notorious topic that is not discuss amongst others. According to Article 534 of the Lebanese Penal Code, it is forbidden to participate in sexual relations that go against what the Lebanese citizens consider as laws of nature, such as homosexuality, adultery, sodomy, and fornication. If they were to be caught, punishment of a year or more in prison will be the result of the crime (LGBT rights in Lebanon 2011). Not only does Lebanon’s laws and strict religion prevents citizens in partaking what they consider a devious act, their society also plays a large role in attempting to stop homosexuality to spread throughout their country. In 2003, Lebanese media reported a situation at a Dunkin Donuts store, where the general manager refused to serve any customers that are gay or appear to be gay looking. Her defense for her action was that she wanted to reassure the parents of the children that came by were being protected and taken care of (LGBT rights in Lebanon 2011). If a scenario similar to this had happen in the United States, the general mange... ...establishes a balance of power among the major religious groups in the country (Human Rights in Lebanon 2011). More than half the population in Lebanon consider themselves as Muslims, while only 39% are Christians (Lebanon 2011). In this case, Muslims would be placed higher in authority and power compared to Christians. Generally the government respects all aspects of religions, but when it comes to politics, usually the superior religion will win the office (Human Rights in Lebanon 2011). Many of Lebanon’s human rights in their country are considered unreasonable and unfamiliar to American citizens who take their constitutional rights for granted. Regardless of the United States’ fortunate human rights act, Lebanon is a country of its own; it’s not America. Whenever they are ready, Lebanon will make new laws and changes that best suits its modernized country. Lebanon Essay example -- Lebanese History, Religion, Politics In the United States, citizens take their freedom and rights on numerous things for granted. Different countries, such as Lebanon, do not get to experience the wide range privileges we have grown accustomed to in America. Settled in the western party of Asia, Lebanon appears to be a quiet and calm country. But Lebanese citizens constantly debate and fight over their country’s status on controversial and different human rights, such as laws against the gays and their country’s women’s right, on a daily basis. Lebanon is a country very well known for its strict religious Muslims upbringing (Lebanon 2011). Because of the country’s religious background, sexual relations and sexuality remains a notorious topic that is not discuss amongst others. According to Article 534 of the Lebanese Penal Code, it is forbidden to participate in sexual relations that go against what the Lebanese citizens consider as laws of nature, such as homosexuality, adultery, sodomy, and fornication. If they were to be caught, punishment of a year or more in prison will be the result of the crime (LGBT rights in Lebanon 2011). Not only does Lebanon’s laws and strict religion prevents citizens in partaking what they consider a devious act, their society also plays a large role in attempting to stop homosexuality to spread throughout their country. In 2003, Lebanese media reported a situation at a Dunkin Donuts store, where the general manager refused to serve any customers that are gay or appear to be gay looking. Her defense for her action was that she wanted to reassure the parents of the children that came by were being protected and taken care of (LGBT rights in Lebanon 2011). If a scenario similar to this had happen in the United States, the general mange... ...establishes a balance of power among the major religious groups in the country (Human Rights in Lebanon 2011). More than half the population in Lebanon consider themselves as Muslims, while only 39% are Christians (Lebanon 2011). In this case, Muslims would be placed higher in authority and power compared to Christians. Generally the government respects all aspects of religions, but when it comes to politics, usually the superior religion will win the office (Human Rights in Lebanon 2011). Many of Lebanon’s human rights in their country are considered unreasonable and unfamiliar to American citizens who take their constitutional rights for granted. Regardless of the United States’ fortunate human rights act, Lebanon is a country of its own; it’s not America. Whenever they are ready, Lebanon will make new laws and changes that best suits its modernized country.

Eradicating risk Essay

Judges, Chairman, Members of the Floor. Life is full of risks. Even in our day to day lives we encounter many situations which could include risk: playing sport or travelling to and from school. And it is of course important to understand this risk, whether that is by merely educating yourself of the risks attached to a specific activity, or by taking small steps to try to reduce that risk. Using the example of driving, there are hundreds of thousands of traffic accidents that occur in the UK each year. You could therefore say that it is purely common sense to wear a seatbelt when travelling in a car. However, I would argue that there is a huge difference between taking the sensible action of wearing a seatbelt and condemning the roads as just being too dangerous and deciding to stop driving altogether. I feel that, in our society, we are too quick to see the downside and the negative aspects of risk and not sufficiently tuned in to the need to see risk as something that occurs naturally and simply needs to be understood and taken wisely into account. School trips are arguably one of the most enriching parts of your education as they help to reinforce the curriculum that you learn in the classroom. However, there is a risk that the numbers of school trips will fall due to the huge amount of paperwork required. Before a school trip can take place, an extensive risk assessment has to be carried out, outlining all the possible hazards that might occur during this trip. And the claims culture that exists today only serves to worsen this problem. Teachers are rightly uneasy to participate in school trips as they are immediately liable for any injury, however minor, that may occur. We are at the point now where schools are considering removing playground equipment to avoid being sued when children suffer minor injuries. Kent County Council has paid out ? 700,000 to children since 2008 and claims have become so common that schools face mounting bills, even when children get hurt while breaking school rules by climbing walls or trees. To quote Chris McGovern, chairman of the Campaign for Real Education, â€Å"Schools become so risk-conscious they no longer present children with challenges and they are wrapped up in cotton wool†. The staggering number of personal injury lawyers offering â€Å"no-win no-fee† deals will attest to the fact that claims are so commonplace in our society that they only way for any organisation to reduce their liability is to attempt to eradicate risk involved. The huge popularity of insurance nowadays is just another example of how we have become obsessed with eradicating risk. There are not only many insurance companies, but also a huge number of different types of insurance. Gadget and mobile insurance, a relatively new industry, is now estimated to be worth ? 1. 24 billion across Europe. Even the scandal over PPI (payment protection insurance) was essentially due to banks frightening their customers into thinking that they needed insurance to ensure that they paid off their debt. In conclusion, risk is not something that we should fear, nor is it something that we should seek to eliminate completely from our lives, as I believe we, as a society, are increasingly in danger or doing. As I have demonstrated, risk is simply a consequence of the combination of a set of circumstances and this combination simply needs to be understood so that sensible precautions can be taken to manage or mitigate the risk, but there is certainly no requirement to eliminate this. Indeed, a life without risk would be a very boring life indeed. â€Å"This House believes society has become obsessed with eradicating risk†

Super Tuesday Definition - Date and States That Vote

Super Tuesday is the day on which a large number of states, many of them in the South,  hold their primaries in the presidential race. Super Tuesday is important because a large number of delegates are at stake and the outcome of the primaries can elevate or end a candidates chances at winning their partys presidential nomination later in the spring.   Super Tuesday 2016 was  held on Tuesday, March 1, 2016. Republican Donald Trump and Democrat Hillary Clinton emerged with the most number of delegates on Super Tuesday 2016, thrusting both toward their eventual nominations at that years conventions in Cleveland, Ohio, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Twelves states  hold primaries or caucuses on Super Tuesday. Voters in those states  go to the polls about one month after the first-in-the-nation Iowa caucus are held.   Super Tuesday 2016 was  the first presidential primary day under Republican National Committee rules designed to give states that vote later in the year more influence in the nomination process and at the GOP convention in Cleveland, Ohio, in the summer. Why Super Tuesday  Is a Big Deal The votes that are cast on Super Tuesday  determine how many delegates are sent to the Republican and Democratic national conventions to represent their respective candidates for the presidential nominations. More than a quarter of the Republican Partys delegates are typically  up for grabs on Super Tuesday, including in the top prize of 155 delegates in Texas. More than a fifth of the Democratic Partys delegates are up for grabs that day. In other words, more than 600 of the 2,472 total Republican delegates to the partys national convention are awarded on Super Tuesday. Thats half the amount necessary for the nomination - 1,237 - up for grabs in a single day. In the Democratic primaries and caucuses,  more than  1,00 of the 4,764 Democratic delegates to the  partys national convention in Philadelphia  are at stake on Super Tuesday. Thats nearly half of the 2,383 needed for the nomination. Super Tuesday Origins Super Tuesday originated as an attempt by southern states to win greater influence in the Democratic primaries. The first Super Tuesday was held in March 1988.   Super Tuesday 2016 Delegate Rules Under the Republican Partys new rules, states that hold their primaries and caucuses on March 1 through March 14  awarded delegates on a proportional basis instead of winner-take-all. That means no candidate can likely win enough delegates to secure the nomination before late-voting states get to hold their primaries. The rule is designed to prevent states from  trying to leapfrog each other for influence and attention during the primaries. List of States Voting on Super Tuesday The number of states holding primaries and caucuses on Super Tuesday 2016 was  larger than in the previous presidential-election year, in 2012. Only ten states held primaries or caucuses on Super Tuesday in 2012.   Here are the states that hold primaries or caucuses on Super Tuesday, followed by the number of delegates being awarded to the party conventions: Alabama: 50 delegates at stake in the Republican primary, 60 delegates at stake in the Democratic primaryAlaska: 28 delegates at stake in the Republican caucuses (the 20 delegates at stake in the Democratic caucuses are awarded on March 26, not on Super Tuesday)Arkansas: 40 delegates at stake in the Republican primary, 37 delegates at stake in the Democratic primaryColorado: 37 delegates at stake in the Republican caucuses, 79 delegates at stake in the Democratic caucusesGeorgia: 76 delegates at stake in the Republican primary, 116 delegates at stake in the Democratic primaryMassachusetts: 42 delegates at stake in the Republican primary, 116 delegates at stake in the Democratic primaryMinnesota: 38 delegates at stake in the Republican caucuses, 93 delegates at stake in the Democratic caucusesOklahoma: 43 delegates at stake in the Republican primary, 42 delegates at stake in the Democratic primaryTennessee: 58 delegates at stake in the Republican primary, 76 delegates at stake in the Democratic primaryTexas: 155 delegates at stake in the Republican primary, 252 delegates at stake in the Democratic primaryVermont: 16 delegates at stake in the Republican primary, 26 delegates at stake in the Democratic primaryVirginia: 49 delegates at stake in the Republican primary, 110 delegates at stake in the Democratic primary