The Common Problems Associated With Dams Environmental Sciences Essay

A Dam is a physical barrier constructed across a river or a waterway to command the flow of or raise the degree of H2O. The intent of such a building may be flood control, irrigation demands and coevals of hydroelectricity. A dike is a barrier across fluxing H2O that obstructs, directs or slows down the flow, frequently making a reservoir, lake or impoundings. Most dikes have a subdivision called a wasteweir or weir over which, or through which, H2O flows, either intermittently or continuously, and many have hydroelectric power coevals systems installed. The dikes are advantageous in more than a individual manner. Advantages of a dike are listed below: They are helpful in forestalling inundations. They serve as a solution to energy crises by bring forthing hydroelectricity. They prove to be helpful in irrigation They better the H2O conveyance. And last but non the least they attract tourers. Dams are excessively good for world but at the same clip they are harmful excessively in several ways. Disadvantages of a dike are listed below: Constructing a dike is an expensive matter. For constructing a dike a immense population of nearby country is moved. The life environment of aquatic and semi aquatic vegetations and fauna gets disturbed in lower instance. Collapse of the dike causes great harm. Fig 1 Dam [ www.timboucher.com ] Now in this paper we will be sing and detecting the chief causes of Dam Failure along with instance survey for every cause. Main causes of Dam Failure are: Spillway planing mistake. Skiding of mountain into the dam lake. Poor care particularly of outlet pipes. We will be discoursing all of the above mentioned causes one by one. Besides all the above causes there is one more ground due to which dikes are collapsed. In proficient footings it is called Deliberate Dam Failure. This happens during the class of War. When force of one state destroys the dike of other state intentionally so this is known as Deliberate Dam Failure. As this cause is nat a common cause so we would non see this in our survey. SPILLWAY DESIGN ERROR Spillway ( shown in Fig 2 ) is a characteristic construction of a dike which is used to supply controlled release of flows of H2O from the dike into the downstream. Spillways release inundations so that the H2O does non dominate and damage or even destruct the dike. There are two ways of wasteweirs: Controlled and Uncontrolled. Controlled Spillway: It has Gatess which regulate the H2O. This design gives us an chance to work the full tallness of the dike and inundation Waterss can be released as required by opening one or more Gatess. Uncontrolled Spillway: It does non hold Gatess, when the H2O rises above the lip of the wasteweir it begins to be released from the reservoir. The rate of discharge of H2O is controlled merely by the deepness of H2O within the reservoir. All of the storage volume in the reservoir above the wasteweir lip can be used merely for the impermanent storage of floodwater, and can non be used as H2O supply storage because it is usually empty. Fig 2 Spillway [ www.wikipedia.com ] CASE STUDY: The South Fork Dam As a instance survey under this cause of Dam Failure we will analyze the destruction of South Fork Dam which was located on Lake Conemaugh, an unreal H2O organic structure located near South Park, Pennsylvania, USA. On May 31, 1889, the South Fork Dam failed and 20 million dozenss of H2O from Lake Conemaugh explosion through and raced 14 stat mis ( 23 kilometer ) downstream, doing the Johnstown Flood. History of South Fork Dam The South Fork Dam was built by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania between 1838 and 1852 as a reservoir for the canal basin in Johnstown. The dike is located 14 stat mis upriver from Johnstown. The Comenaugh River runs through the bosom of Johnstown and it had been made narrower in order to construct more constructions on it Bankss. The river was susceptible to deluging due to it & amp ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s location on a inundation field. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania sold the dike to the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1857. With the reaching of rail service in 1852, the usage of the canal for bringing of goods took a downswing. The South Fork Dam was abandoned and allowed to travel into a province of disrepair. In 1862, portion of the culvert gave manner but was ne'er repaired. In 1879, a group of business communities formed a company and called it the South Fork Hunting and Fishing Club. They purchased the dike with the purpose of constructing a summer resort on Lake Comenaugh for aff luent Pittsburg households. Plans included take downing the dike in order to construct a route on top and raising the degree of the lake. The nine continued to do changes to the dike and in the terminal, the lake was 450 pess higher than Johnstown. [ suit101.com ] From the above abstract we can easy do out that the sick care of the wasteweir and rise of the degree of river made the status worse and eventually the uninterrupted rain made the Dam collapsed. After the Dam gave up about approximately 20 million dozenss of H2O spilled over the dike and Jhonstown was hit without any anterior warning. The H2O headed towards the town with a velocity of about 40 stat mis per hr. The inundation played mayhem and made over 2,200 people lose their lives and all over harm was estimated to be $ 17 million. This was the first major catastrophe faced by the newly-formed American Red Cross. Aid came from 18 states across the Earth. The South Fork Dam Break is shown Below [ Fig 3 ] Beside the Spillway failure there are other causes which are responsible for the Disaster and they are: Heavy and uninterrupted Rainfall. Rising H2O caused eroding of new embankment which was made up of clay and straw. Fig 3 South Fork Dam Break [ www.accuweather.com ] Precautions which could hold saved South Fork Dam: The chief cause of the interruption was Spillway design mistake. There were deficient wasteweirs which made the tremendous sum of H2O to slop. If there had been more spillways so the catastrophe would hold been avoided. The damaged parts of the dike should hold been repaired. The new parts should hold been made up of concrete alternatively of rock, clay and straw. SLIDING OF MOUNTAIN INTO THE DAM LAKE A dike is made at the base of a river and in between a vale which means that the lake or H2O organic structure which is dammed has mountains on both side of it. Now as a dike is made the natural geological balance is disturbed and these mountains get loosen up and develops clefts which causes landslides to happen. These landslides pose a great menace when they fall in the lake. If a landslide of great volume falls in the lake so it raises the H2O degree to a great extent and that excessively all of a sudden. This sudden rise makes a immense sum of H2O to slop over the dike doing tsunami ( seiche moving ridge ) . This moving ridge brings a monolithic inundation and devastation to the vale below which wipes a great country. CASE STUDY: The Vajont Dam As a instance survey under this cause of Dam Failure we will analyze the destruction of Vajont Dam [ shown in Fig 4 ] which was located on Vajont River under Monte Toc, 100 kilometers north to the Venice, Italy. It was responsible for the deceases of about 2,000 people in a 1963 landslide. One of the highest dike in the universe, it was 262 metres ( 860 foot ) high, 27 metres ( 89 foot ) midst at the base and 3.4 metres ( 11 foot ) at the top. The dike was built by SADE ( Society of Adriatic Energy Corporation ) , the electricity supply and distribution monopolizer in North-Eastern Italy. History of Vajont Dam: The building work of the dike started in 1950. In 1959 some slides were noticed and new surveies were made and the experts told SADE that the side of Mount Toc is unstable and is likely to fall in if the filling is continued. The survey and experts were ignored wholly. In October 1959 the building was complete and in February 1960 SADE was authorized to get down make fulling the basin. Equally shortly as the filling started and reached to certain degree boulder clay summers of 1960 minor land slides started taking topographic point. But even these slides were ignored and the few journalists who raised their voice were sued. Finally on 4 of November 1960 a landslide of about 800,000 three-dimensional metres collapsed in the lake. This made SADE to hold make fulling but it was started once more after take downing the degree by 50 metres and get down constructing an unreal gallery. The minor slides kept on taking topographic point and functionaries of SADE kept on foretelling the catast rophe but they were ignored. On 9 October 1963 at about 10:35pm, the combination of ‘drawing-down the reservoir ‘ and heavy rains triggered a landslide of about 260 million three-dimensional metres of forest, Earth, and stone, which fell into the reservoir at up to 110 & A ; Acirc ; km per hr ( 68 & A ; Acirc ; miles per hour ) . The ensuing supplanting of H2O caused 50 million three-dimensional metres of H2O to over-top the dike in a 250-metre high moving ridge. [ 6 ] Despite this, the dike ‘s construction was mostly undamaged. Approximately 1900 to 2500 people were dead and 350 households were wholly wiped off. The major causes of this catastrophe are: The heavy 50 million three-dimensional metre landslide into the lake which made the tsunami moving ridge rose. The other minor land slides in the lake and in the unreal gallery. Heavy rainfall which paved the way for the catastrophe. Major causes for the land slides are: Perturbation in the geological balance of Mount Toc. Continuous filling of the basin. Time to clip rainfall. Fig 4 Vajont Dam [ wikipedia.com ] Precautions which could hold saved South Fork Dam: If anyhow the land slide could be prevented so the catastrophe might hold been avoided. The landslide can be prevented by following two methods: Plantation: More and more workss on the offshore side of the mountain. The roots of the workss help in adhering the stones and dirt together and prevent eroding therefore land skiding. Terrace plantation is a good option. By unreal mountain binding: In this procedure the mountain is bound with the aid steel cyberspace which prevent slides and even if land slide, the net prevent it from falling.POOR MAINTENANCE ESPECIALLY OF OUTLET PIPESMercantile establishments came in scope of designs, sizes, stuffs and type of control. Most of the commanding mechanisms and conduits are normally submerged and are reasonably boring to entree for care every bit good as review. This is the ground of carelessness and some serious jobs start developing. The job can run from the control works going inoperable to the conduit deteriorating to the point of embankment failure. Proper review of the mercantile establishment normally requires advanced planning to let escapes to be shut off and afloat countries to be pumped out. CASE STUDY: Lawn Lake Dam Now as a instance survey under this subdivision we will do a thorough survey of Lawn Lake Dam [ Fig 5 ] . This dam failure occurred due to the disrepair of the mercantile establishment pipe which was located at the distant and boring location. The uninterrupted carelessness of remotely situated leaky pipes caused the catastrophe when on July 15, 1982 at 6 ante meridiem 830,000 M3 of H2O exploded out of the faulty pipes. This tremendous sum of H2O caused a brassy inundation and priced $ 31 million. History of Lawn Lake Dam: Originally the Lawn Lake was a natural lake covering a surface country of over 66,000 M3s. It was situated at a tallness of 3,400 m in the bouldery mountain. In 1903 some husbandmans seeking irrigation installations out of this lake, built a dike and the covering land of the lake increased to 190,000m3. It was started in 1902 and the dike was completed in 1903. The dike increased the storage capacity of this natural H2O organic structure. This dike was built in the eastern portion. The H2O from this dike was released through the steep channel into the Big Thompson River. As the dike was built in the bouldery mountain, its design was such that it made the location of mercantile establishment pipe quit remote. Bearing the carelessness of functionaries the dike survived 80 long old ages. On the forenoon of 15 July 1982 the dike collapsed let go ofing 228 million gallons of H2O all of a sudden. This immense sum of H2O poured through the steep and narrow versant. It is said that there was enormous sound and the Earth shook. The release rate of H2O was 510 m3/s. Though this great aquatic violent disorder killed merely one individual bivouacing aboard but economically the cost of this catastrophe was estimated to be $ 31 million. The H2O got poured in the river and hit the cascade dike ensuing in ruin of the same adding more sum of H2O to the inundation. This inundation destroyed the Aspenglen campsite. Then after the inundation H2O entered the town of Estes Park and caused great harm to the business district stores after which the inundation joined Thompson River. This inundation deposited an alluvial fan of dust in Horseshoe Park. Fig 5 Alluvial Fan [ wikipedia.com ] Precautions that could hold saved the Lake Lawn Dam: Merely two safeguards would hold saved the black terminal of Lake Lawn Dam and they are If the dike would hold been design in such a manner that the mercantile establishment pipes could hold been easy accessed so the fix work won & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢t have been delayed and the escape could hold been avoided. Seasonably mending work of the dike would hold saved this great harm.

Conflicts in the work of teams are inevitable since

Conflicts in the work of teams are inevitable since team members will undoubtedly find themselves in contradiction over the nature of work and ways it can be done in the best possible way. In teams involving members with culturally diverse backgrounds, the challenge of conflict management will be even greater.These people will rely on â€Å"different conflict norms, different conflict styles, and different conflict rhythms† (Ting-Toomey, 1999). Therefore, the training program for cross-cultural supervisors has to involve issues related to cross-cultural management and its relationship to conflicts. The consideration of the following two cases can be a useful guide to managing cross-cultural conflict in organizational teamwork.Situation 1This situation arose in a team that included a Chinese, three Americans, and an Indian employee. The five worked pretty comfortably together until a certain point. However, it was soon found out that one of the Americans regularly involved in p reparing reports for the Chinese man was not happy with his obligations. It turned out that the Chinese man expected him to do more than was accepted in other departments in preparation of similar reports.The Chinese naturally relied on the American to do it because they were friends. However, Jon (the American employee) was soon tired of doing extra work for someone without getting recognition for the project. At first he tried to be nice, but soon rebelled, which resulted in a nasty scene between the two.In this case, the conflict was the result of both cultural and personal differences. Both were unprepared to handle similar situations and perhaps uncertain of their exact responsibilities in the project.The Chinese employee, coming from a highly collectivist culture, expected friends to help even if it meant serious effort investment on his side. The American, on his part, was bound by the cultural notion that one has to be nice and helpful in professional surroundings. The typic al response of an open US business culture would be to vent unwillingness right away. Jon, because of his personal character, did not share his feelings only to rebel later on.In this case, the team leader solved the problem in a ‘global’ way. He realized that part of the problem was the loose definition of boundaries between employees’ respective responsibilities, which caused confusion. So, all five team members took time to sort out their duties in an effective way.The team leader also proposed a strategy for handling conflict, suggesting that issues be brought up immediately and discussed in the open. To stress this effort, he proposed to organize a team get-together every Friday night where he encouraged employees to confront each other with problematic issues in a friendly atmosphere. This communication strategy seems effective as long as employees are enthusiastic about the initiative.Situation 2The second situation involved a Native American employee in a team supervised by a Western European manager. The problems started right from the time when the team was put together. The Native American employee, aged 32, came from an impoverished reservation background, and learned his computing skills after moving to the city at the age of 23. Being naturally smart, he soon became an expert in his field.However, he had a distinct problem with time management: never submitted reports on time, tended to complete assignments in a haphazard manner, and in general worked in the â€Å"fits and starts† mode. This served him well in an IT company where he was previously employed. However, the new project manager of mixed Dutch-German origin was not at all pleased with the new employee.The source of the conflict was a distinctly different understanding of time by European and Native American culture (LeBaron, 2003). Time was less important in the understanding of the Native American employee. It was a continuum involving past and present and s tretching into the future, rather than the dominant present with its strict deadlines and pressures. Another contributing factor was the European manager’s lack of intercultural experience.He had hardly ever worked abroad before the assignment and certainly never dealt with indigenous cultures. Added to the ethnic culture clash was the conflict of cultures supported by different industries. IT companies are known for their relaxed employee attitudes, while manufacturing to which the IT specialist transferred is less relaxed.

What I learned IN and OUTSIDE of college Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What I learned IN and OUTSIDE of college - Essay Example Professionally, college has prepared me by equipping me with some of the important aspects of my professional life. First and for most it has provided me with the basic skills I need for my professional life. Communication skills’, being one of the basics and the strongest points of education is effectively instilled in me. All college programs requires’ students to undertake at least communication and speech work courses (Upcraft, John, Gardner and Betsy 4). These two skills provides’ the ability for one to effectively communicate and enhances one public speaking abilities. In any job opportunity, communication and speech work is highly demanded. Every boss like workers who can listen to instructions, communicate effectively to co-workers and have presentations effectively without misinformation. All these abilities are in communication skills and speech work, learnt in college thus puts meaning and value to college. Another vital skill enhanced by colleges is writing abilities. College programs require students to write cover letters, essays, and perform arithmetic, which are all important. It would be difficult to write work that is presentable to my boss, which is a requirement for any job. Presentable work needs to be in a logical sequence that can easily be followed and understood, thus without college one would write with the basic writing skills, but without the logical order making communication through writing to be difficult. In addition, while in college one is able to specialize in the field of interest. This provides one with the opportunity to master the trade, thus, enhances ones performance abilities and increases productivity. Subsequently, college has enhanced my social abilities. While in college, many tasks are through group work projects. This has enhanced my social life as it has allowed me to interact with my group members and add value to them, thus

The influence of marketing relationship implementation on a building Dissertation

The influence of marketing relationship implementation on a building long-term relationship with the customers - Dissertation Example Marketing relationship is a form of marketing derived from express response marketing campaigns and is found to concentrate on retaining and fulfilling customers as opposed to focusing on sales transactions for an organization’s growth. Research has shown that profit-making organizations are in a constant competition with one another for new customers while still aiming to keep their current clientele. They are additionally reported to be competing with one another for market leadership with a constant aim of increasing earnings through customer satisfaction. For the foregoing reasons, organizations alike need to build long-term customer relationships for their sustenance. This calls for a need to develop an effective implementation strategy for establishing enduring relationships. This can be achieved through maintaining a functional customer relationship management (CRM), which aims at building strong long-term relationships between the supplier and customer (Gordon, 1999). This research paper therefore attempts to study any influence that marketing relationship has in building a long-term customer relationship. The first chapter of this paper introduces the research problem while the second chapter presents a review of the related literature followed by the methodology chapter. While chapter four presents the results of the study, chapter five subsequently discusses these results. Finally, chapter six highlights the conclusions and recommendations to the research findings. Table of Contents Page Running Head 1 Abstract 2 Table of contents 3 CHAPTER 1: Introduction 5 1.1. Overview 5 1.2. Background Information 5 1.3. Significance of the Study 6 1.4. Problem Statement and Research questions 6 1.5. Objectives of the study 7 1.6. Research design 7 1.7. Chapter Summary 8 CHAPTER 2: Literature review 9 2.1. Introduction 9 2.2. Historical Overview and Current Findings 9 2.3. Developing a long-term customer Relationship 12 2.4. Marketing Relationship Implemen tation 14 2.5. Importance of Building Relationship with Customer 15 2.6. Chapter Summary 16 CHAPTER 3: Research methodologies 18 3.1. Introduction 18 3.2. Area of study 18 3.3. Research design 19 3.4. Target population 19 3.5. Sampling technique 20 3.6. Data collection 20 3.7. Data analysis 20 3.8. Reliability of the research 21 3.9. Ethical considerations 21 4.0. Chapter Summary 21 CHAPTER 4: Results 22 4.1. Introduction 22 4.2. Characteristics of Participants 22 4. 3. Analysis of the four themes 23 4.3.1. Theme one 23 4.3.2. Theme two 24 4.3.3. Theme three 24 4.3.4. Theme four 25 4.4. Chapter Summary 26 CHAPTER 5: Discussions 28 5.1. Introduction 28 5.2. Discussion of the results 28 5.3. Practical implications of this study 30 5.4. Chapter Summary 32 CHAPTER 6: Conclusions and Recommendations 33 6.1. Introduction 33 6.2. Implications for Policy 33 6.3. Limitations of the Study 34 6.4. Recommendations for future research 34 6.5. Concluding remarks 35 6.6. Chapter summary 36 REFEREN CES 37 APPENDICES 38 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1. Overview Marketing relationship is a form of marketing derived from express response marketing campaigns and is found to concentrate on retaining and fulfilling customers as opposed to focusing on sales transactions for an organization’s growth. In practice, marketing relationship is different from other forms of marketing because it recognizes long-term effects and/or importance of customer relationship (Buchanan & Gilles, 1990). Additionally, Gale & Chapman (1994) argue that marketing relationship goes beyond customer-supplier communication and encompasses invasive sales promotional messages to establishing long-lasting benefits for the entrepreneur and the customer. In the present age of globalization and information superhighway, marketing relationship is experiencing rapid evolution as witnessed by Kotler et al (1999). It is shown to be utilizing technology in opening more and more collaborative and social communication channels that create a more collaborative atmosphere. The current trend leans towards the use Information and Communications

Security Risk Analysis for Intrusion Detection and Prevention of Essay

Security Risk Analysis for Intrusion Detection and Prevention of Cybercrime - Essay Example Data and alert correlation in the military network and the future of intrusion detection and prevention methods are touched upon. The paper recommends appropriate procedures to control the threats and reduce the vulnerability of the system to lower the level and make them acceptable keeping in mind the military network and the sensitivity of data protection in this case. Top five risks are analyzed and briefly reviewed. Current federal legislation and the standards based on securing and preventing cybercrime will be analyzed. Steps will be recommended to implement and maintain the strategy proposed. Risk analysis terms Security risk analysis also referred called risk assessment, is a basic requirement of any organization. Essentially, controls and expenditures are largely commensurate with the risks to that an organization posses. Many conventional means for conducting a security risk analysis are turning out to be more indefensible in terms of criticality, flexibility and usability. Qualitative Risk Analysis It is the most pervasively used approach to security risk analysis. No probability data is required and only estimates of potential loss are used. Elements of qualitative risk analysis: Vulnerabilities – These are factors that make a system prone to attack or make an intrusion more likely to succeed or have an impact. For example, flammable material. Threats – What could go wrong or something/ situations that can attack the information system. For instance, fraud or fire. Controls – The countermeasures put up by management for vulnerabilities. They include preventive control, detective controls, deterrent controls etc. Security Risk Analysis for Intrusion Detection and Prevention of Cybercrime The satellite communication systems form the backbone of net centric warfare for the US Military and give it considerable advantage over others. The close integration of the communication system and its distribution to local level commanders puts this system far ahead of other armies as by (Bufkin 2011) â€Å"This is unique feature of this system – no other department of defense satellite system can relay information from the satellite all the way down to war fighters, portable communications packs and handheld radios†. The system, however, like any other is not perfect and present some vulnerabilities in its operation. The modern communication systems have evolved and are far more secure than their predecessors. The interception methods have evolved along with these advancements and therefore security and threats are circling in an infinite loop. Both are constantly evolving. Contrary to popular opinion, cybercrime is a risk to all industries including military networks. If intrusion detection methods are not effective, cybercrimes results in security breaches long before the victims become aware that the systems are compromised. In case of military networks, the stakes are very high as the data includes sens itive information that may even include strategic plans, communication infrastructure details and even present situation reports. Any of these if intercepted can jeopardize complete communication network and leave military in a blackout. As per Foreign Affairs, Defense and Trade Division in 2008 â€Å"

My Preferred Learning Style Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Preferred Learning Style - Personal Statement Example Learning styles are more concerned with one’s preferred learning style rather than what learners learn. A student shows consistency in learning style by reacting to and employing stimuli in relation to learning. Keefe (1979) defines learning styles as the â€Å"composite of characteristic cognitive, affective, and physiological factors that serve as relatively stable indicators of how a learner perceives interacts with, and responds to the learning environment† (as cited in NW Link, 2011). Stewart and Felicetti (1992) define learning styles as those â€Å"educational conditions under which a student is most likely to learn,† thus, stressing on the role of preferred learning styles (as cited in NW Link, 2011). According to the principles of the Dunn and Dunn learning styles system, students always prefer to learn in their learning style and perform better. From the teaching point of view, if teachers follow students’ processing styles out of the global-analytical continuum or any of their preferred styles from kinesthetic, tactile, auditory, and visual, the learning process can be made faster among students (Dybvig and Church, 2010). Generally, it is noticed that students cannot learn faster because they are not taught in their preferred and distinct learning style. Ideally, students need to inculcate the various leaning methods so that learning does not become an arduous task for them by depending solely on their preferred learning style only, although they may excel in talent and intelligence possessing above average sharpness in comprehending the learning process (Dybvig and Church, 2010). Students need to strengthen various learning ways where they are not competent enough.  

Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility Essay

Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility - Essay Example Then, a discussion of the controversies that affected Nike will follow in the context of corporate governance and CSR. The preceding section will list the corporate governance and CSR practices within the organization including the impact of such measures for Nike today. 2.0 Company Overview Nike is the leading sports footwear and apparel manufacturer throughout the world. It has more than 30 years of experience in developing high performance and innovative shoes. In recent market reports, Nike holds at least 30 percent market share, a comfortable lead from its closest rival, the German brand Adidas. (Van Riper 2008) Nike as a brand is the strongest among its competitors. This has been achieved through years of careful brand promotions that have exposed Nike to the widest possible population and earned it as one of the American icons next to Coca-cola, IBM, Microsoft, Walt Disney, among others. Nike in its overall organizational strategy – from product development to sales and promotions – is unique in comparison with all the rest of the major players in the footwear and related industries. If one examines its strategy, the company focuses much on brand-building recruiting the best athletes in every sport to endorse its brands and reinforce the image it has carefully cultivated throughout the years. Nike’s history, however, is not written with success stories exclusively. The fact is that it is punctuated with several controversies involving unethical practices. The following cases are some examples: Nike was widely criticized back in the 1990s after a series of news reports aired in CBS recounted the unfair conditions and practices of the company’s manufacturing facilities in Vietnam and Indonesia. The report cited the payment of below minimum wage to its employees; charges of employee physical abuse; and, the forced running of laps by employees who wore nonregulation shoes. (Jackson, Sawyer and Jenkins, p. 17) The child labor contr oversy in Pakistan and other third world countries. Nike was sued for false advertising in a California court after Marc Kasky accused the company of issuing false and misleading statements, prompting a protracted and yet unresolved debate about whether Nike’s campaign of press releases, advertisements, and other promotional measures to defend its business practices constitute free speech or commercial information. (L’Etang & Peiczka, p. 56) The manner by which Nike sought to quell these controversies underscored how they value their reputation and how unethical practices could severely impact their market performance. Crucial to the measures taken by the organization to deal with the above crises was the adoption of corporate social responsibility practices. Writing about this development in 2001 for The Independent, Steve Boggan (2001) reported, â€Å"Nike attempted to present itself to its shareholders in its first "corporate responsibility report" as a touchy-feel y entity established by "skinny runners" and employing young executives who worried about the environment and the level of wages it paid.† 3.0 Corporate social responsibility The old adage stating that the only business of business organizations is business is thought to be outdated and no longer applicable today. In the current global scenario, explained Fernando (2009), competition is more cutthroat, requiring corporations â€Å"to pause and ponder upon the impact of their business on the global community in general and their key stakeholders in particular†

Paintings - Amalgam of Emotions and Cultures Essay

Paintings - Amalgam of Emotions and Cultures - Essay Example The paper "Paintings - Amalgam of Emotions and Cultures" will focus on how the art of paintings has been viewed in two different cultures namely the African culture and the Asian culture by throwing ‘light’ on the rock art and paintings that was practiced by the Asian and the African people. The painting media followed in both the cultures will also be discussed. â€Å"African paintings first emerged as those that still appear on rock and in caves.† The African paintings were discovered in Nambia and are thought to be approximately 27,000 years old. (Plessis). In addition, there were nearly 30,000 rock paintings scattered throughout the Drakensberg Mountain in South Africa. (Plessis). Thus these artistic medium was used by the ancient Africans to convey certain types of information, depict the day to day activities, to relate to certain key events and importantly to communicate with the spirits of the ancestors. Thus in this manner the rock art was used a vital li nk between the physical and the spiritual worlds. On the other hand, the Asian Paintings encompasses a wide array of paintings and sculptures from different parts of Asia. Thus each geographical area has developed their unique style of expression, painting styles and methods, techniques, etc. They were the blend of various cultures and traditions. â€Å"The Asian paintings reflect influences from different religions and cultures.†The Chinese paintings are considered to be one of the oldest paintings among the Asian paintings. The Japanese paintings are known for their varied styles. The themes of historical significance and the Buddhist themes are portrayed in the Korean paintings. The Indian paintings on the lines of African paintings originated from the caves and they date to the pre-historic period. Thus all form of the Asian cultures has their unique style and history. With this brief introduction about the Asian and the African paintings, the next concept about the views of the rock art and paintings in the Asian and the African culture will be discussed. Rock art was a common way of expressing emotions among the ancient Africans. Thus it has been estimated that Africa has more number of Rock art sites than any other continent and they are widely distributed. (Plessis). Archeological reports reveal the fact that in most parts of the African continent namely Zambia, Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa has the densest concentration of the rock art. â€Å"The region has both the rock engravings (Petroglyphs) and rock paintings (Pictographs).†(African Rock art and Painting). Especially the South African rock art encompasses the rock paintings of the hunters-gatherers, farming communities, etc. On the other hand the Asian rock art was considered to be the mixtures of aesthetics which reveals the events and philosophy of the past. Thus in the evolution of mankind from the Homo erectus to the Homo sapiens, these Asian rock art depicts the images of the early man. The Asian rock art unlike the African art started 40,000 years ago during the upper Paleolithic era. The custom of rock art also followed in the Mesolithic age and it gained its final development in the Chalcolithic era. Among the Asian rock art paintings, the Indian Rock art are considered to be the most ancient and significant since they reflect the development of the Indian civilizations of Indus and

The Impressive architectural structure of the Parthenon Term Paper

The Impressive architectural structure of the Parthenon - Term Paper Example The building’s architecture was done by Kallicrates and Iktinos and supervised by Phidias. In this regard, the style incorporated in its design is known as the Doric style. Moreover, the building included other characteristics that are ionic in nature such as the Freize (Stevens, 139). Incidentally, the Freize traversed the inner walls on the upper region as well as the Pedimental statues and along the Metopes that constituted the sculpture that decorated the Parthenon. Evidently, the fascination and remarkable nature of the building is credited with its innovative architectural masterpiece. From both a lay and informed person’s perspective, the architecture of the Parthenon is synonymously impressive. Greek temples were synonymously constructed with three types of columns. These were the Doric, Corinthian and Ionic. The difference among the orders is evident from the proportions. For example, the Ionic columns were slimmer and taller, while the Doric columns were shorter and thicker. The order were however more distinguishable in terms of the tops of the columns. In this regard, the Ionic tops have the curlicues also known as the volutes, the Corinthian tops were synonymous with acanthus leaves while the Doric tops have the most simplistic design. The Parthenon is constituted by the Ionic and Doric orders (Waddell, 18). Evidently, the amazing view is accentuated by its positioning on the Acropolis, the columns made of marble emitting power and strength as well as its immense scale (Waddell, 20). However, a deeper insight to its architecture reveals intricate skills that are deserving of praise. Evidently, the entire building has been constructed from a subjective point of basis as opposed to and objective one, Moreover, the building was not constructed to be reflective of mathematical accuracy but an adaptation to the spectators eyes. This is in recognition to the numerous optical refinements that are

The Korean War Essay Example for Free

The Korean War Essay Two of the immediate effects of The Korean War are that it was one of the most destructive of the 20th century, and The Korean War also brought social damage to Korea, especially in the North. North Korea remained a communist nation and South Korea became a free republic. This social difference still brings conflict even today. . However, the Korean War was able to boost the economy of both Japan and the US. The Korean War also legitimized the United Nations and led to further expansion of military power. The war had a lasting consequence beyond Korea. Much of the material used in the war was bought from nearby Japan. This gave Japanese economy such an dynamic boot after the ravages of WWII that some have called the Korean War, also it had similar effects on the American economy, as defense spending nearly quadrupled in the last six months of 1950. Truman wanted to go to war with North Korea by himself but decided that he cannot act alone without UN support. Truman saw this as a test for containment and he later went to the UN and he asked for help. The UN approve sending troops to help defend South Korea from North Korea. After that, Britain, Australia, Canada, Columbia, Turkey, New Zealand, and other nations were among the UN to help out the US and South Korea against the North Korea aggression. The war went on for 3 years and UN successfully defend South Korea from North Korea aggression. The U.S sent troops to south korea and the united nations backed them up and they went against north korea and fought them.across the 38th parallel and pushed them up to the yalu river on the boarder of china and the UN captured pyongyang north korean capital and china was pissed because the u.s and UN went to china border so china pushed them back to south korea over the 38th parallel and to prevent ww3 everything went back to where it started and nations north and south went back to where they started and left it at that. The presidents Truman Doctrine committed the United States to a policy of supporting foes of Communism everywhere in the world. Trumans  failure to lead the United States to victory in the Korean War led to a severe decline in support for the presidents policies among the American people.

Definition Of The Life Cycle Costing Construction Essay

Definition Of The Life Cycle Costing Construction Essay This report emphasizes for identifying critical phases of pre contract cost planning and controlling process in the life cycle of project with respect to the RIBA plan of work how to manage them and how to obtain a maximum turnover of the project within the quantity surveyors role as a cost manager. Hence, this study will discuss significant project pre contract cost planning and controlling process, such as methods of estimates for cost planning for different stages of RIBA work plan, pre-contract cost planning and cost controlling process with respect to the RIBA plan of work a client/consultant may adopt during each stage, the term life cycle costing and related terminology, the quantity surveyors role as a cost manager, in the life cycle of the project. MAIN BODY Explain the methods of preparing estimates for cost planning for different stages of RIBA work plan. What Is Cost Planning? The Cost Planning is a method of cost controlling the cost (Price to client) of a project within a pre-determined sum up to the tender stage. (Page3, Cost studies) Cost Planning give advice to client how much will be project cost. As well, cost planning will advise when the expected expenses will most possible occur. Hence its important for get required project finance and for determining possible project profit. Therefore cost planning process essential to success of project. Methods of Estimating for Cost Planning There are some significant estimating methods uses in construction industry for Cost planning process. Those methods give preliminary estimate, hence Quantity Surveyor has to modify predetermine data considering the followings, such as , market conditions, Size, number of storeys, specification level, inclusions exclusions, service, site foundation conditions and other factors. Conference Estimating Method RIBA Stage A of Options Appraisal and stage B Design Brief, These method uses for preparation of the initial price estimate give to the client. It is based on a cooperative view of a group of persons, and not quantify in any particular way. Financial methods RIBA Stage A of Options Appraisal and stage B Design Brief, This method fixes a cost limit on the building design, according to the unit of accommodation or rental values. For example, Unit method   RIBA Stage A of Options Appraisal and stage B Design Brief, The unit method is multiplies desire standard unit of accommodation by an approximate cost per unit. Not required specific drawings, specifications, only the concept of the project relevant to the required function. For example: Schools costs per pupil enplace Hospitals costs per bed enplace Car parks cost per car space Estimate = Standard units  of accommodation x Cost per unit Cube method   Design Stage This is the superseded method because of inherent disadvantages; this method needs some sketch drawings, historical cost data, and also  important estimator experience. It is based on association between building volume and unit cost. For example: Superficial area method RIBA Stage B Strategic Briefing and also can be used for Stage C This is presently most common use method, its use for early price estimating purposes. The area of each of the floors multiplied by the cost per square meter. Mostly important Storey heights, plan shape and methods for when choose on the rate need be used. For example: Story enclosure unit method This technique use weightings for the estimating the building elements Elemental Cost estimating Detail Design Stage (Production information Stage F) This can use to establish the approximate cost of a construction project. It analyzes, the cost of the project on an elemental basis using from other similar projects. Also provides cost advice during the design process. Detail drawings are required. For example: Approximate Cost estimating Approximate quantities present additional detailed approximate estimate. No particular rules of  measurement exist, Also significantly more information is required from the designer.. For example: Resource analysis (Pre Construction Stage Tender Documentation -G) This method is traditionally adopted by contractors estimators to determine their individual rates for measured items in bills of quantities. All individual measured items are analyzed into its element parts such as labour, materials and plant. This method is not a pre-tender method of price prediction strictly. For example: Explain the pre-contract cost planning and cost controlling process with respect to the RIBA plan of work a client/ consultant may adopt during each stage What Is Pre-contract Cost Planning? Pre Cost planning is very important to successful planning, design and construction of projects and is aimed at providing best value solutions. Essentially it is a pre-costing method of a project. As well as Pre-estimation of a design proposal will give clear picture about the cost to the employer and design team to make decisions regarding the project to make sure value for money. Pre-Contract Cost Planning Process The pre-contract cost planning process according to the RIBA plan of work 1998; it can be described as follows. Graph 2.1 Pre-stage A (Establish the budget) Client is the appointing client management team (Consultants) such as, client representative, cost consultant, according to his requirements. Identify objectives, physical scope of project, standard of quality of building and services, timeframe and establishing the budget. Emphasis nature of clients problems and functional requirements on proposed project. Work Stage A (Options Appraisal) Consultant has to identify of client prerequisite and possible limitation on development and cost of the ideal solution. Prepare technical, functional and cost studies by consultant and then it should enable to the client to take decision on his project weather he can continue the first proposal or could do some changes to the first proposal etc. also select the possible procurement method. Work Stage B (Strategic Brief) Consultant has to prepare initial cost suggestion to the client based on an outline statement of clients needs, also to determine target cost. This establish an initial budget for client Client has to investigate availability of finance for the project and value of money framework. Pre Contract Cost Control Generally Pre contract cost controlling process is implement from this stage according to the RIBA work plan mentioned chart 1.2, Pre Contract Cost Control process give to ensure the cost of the project is within the clients budget or not. Hence pre contract cost control is very essential in a project since it is planning, design finalizing and tendering and selecting a suitable contractor too. Outline Proposals- Stage C Consultant involves preparing outline proposal and estimate of cost as initial cost plan. Investigate the site conditions and preliminary sketches for requirement of cost plan by consultant. Evaluate strategic brief through consideration of time, cost, risk and environmental issues. Establish design management procedures and prepare initial cost plan, project program, and cash flow. Detailed Proposals Stage D At this stage, consultant prepares full detailed proposals for the client, and also prepares firm cost plan detailed elemental cost plan etc. Clint tem evaluate outline proposals for make final decision, Receive design and cost input from client appointed team and extend detailed design solution. Development control submission. Review procurement advice. Final Proposals Stage E Consultant has to prepared final proposal for the project at this stage. Carry out cost check of the design as it develop against the cost plan, hence it Confirmation of the cost limits for the project. Most cost effective in satisfying level of project brief to confirm or put final budget and to check the elemental cost targets. Cost checks design against cost plan. Decide on procurement methods. Consultant, they attending to review design and cost plan. Consultant has to prepare all required submission for legal approvals. Production Information Stage F All legal approvals should have completed when at this stage. This is the assessment of lowest acceptable tender price based on completed contract documents. Ensure that the completed designs are controlled within the cost limits. Prepare all co-ordinate production information including location. Arrange bring together all component drawings, schedules and specifications. Supply all required information for final cost checks of design against cost plan. Explain the term life cycle costing and related terminology. Definition of the life cycle costing According to definition of Hoar and Norman (1990) appropriately defined the life cycle cost of an advantage as the present value of total cost of the asset over its operating life including initial capital costs, occupational costs, operating costs and the cost or benefit of the eventual disposal of the asset at the end of its life. Hence life cycle costing related with the time stream of costs and benefits that flow throughout the life of the project. There are number of term use in industry to identify different stages in the life cycle costing techniques, hence flowing are the specially use in construction industry. Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) Quantity surveyor assist to prepare this, based on collection and analysis of historic data on actual costs of occupying building (running cost and performance). Life cycle cost management (LCCM) Actually it is derived from life cycle cost analysis and identities, by this way client can be compare building cost and controlling occupancy cost throughout the life of building to get maximum value. Life cycle planning (LCCP) This is as part of life cycle cost management; it is constitute the prediction of total costs of a building, part or individual element taking account of initial capital costs, subsequent running cost and residual values. There are numerous costs associated with acquiring, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or building system. Building-related costs usually fall into the following categories: Initial Costs-Purchase, Acquisition, Construction Costs Fuel Costs Operation, Maintenance, and Repair Costs Replacement Costs Residual Values-Resale or Salvage Values or Disposal Costs Finance Charges-Loan Interest Payments Non-Monetary Benefits or Costs Only those costs within each category that are relevant to the decision and significant in amount are needed to make a valid investment decision. Costs are relevant when they are different for one alternative compared with another; costs are significant when they are large enough to make a credible difference in the LCC of a project alternative. For Example: Image of a bar graph showing the 30 Year Cost of a Building. The design and construction are at 2% of the cost, maintenance costs are at 6% and personnel salaries are at 92%. Viewed over a 30 year period, initial building costs account for approximately just 2% of the total, while operations and maintenance costs equal 6%, and personnel costs equal92%.Graphic: Sieglinde Fuller Source: Sustainable Building Technical Manual / Joseph J. Romm, Lean and Clean Management, 1994. Life cycle costing Terminology Explain the Quantity Surveyors role as a cost manager, in the life cycle of the project. Role of the Quantity Surveyor as a Cost Manager Quantity surveyor is the person/ firm who manage the cost relating to the construction projects, such as new constructions, maintenance work and renovations. Quantity surveyor monitors the cost of every aspects of a construction project as a cost manager, as well as seeks to minimize the costs of the project and to make more cost savings while ensuring the total cost of project does not exceed the estimated cost. Furthermore when study about Quantity Surveyors in Cost manger position also have to be identified their duties and Responsibilities properly. Conducting feasibility studies and writing procurement reports. Managing estimating and cost planning activities to include taking ownership of and presenting the final cost plan. Managing the procurement process, ensuring that all stages including pre-qualification, enquiry, analysis, selection and contract preparation are performed effectively. Ensuring that post-contract cost variances and change control processes are managed effectively. Ensuring that cost checking and valuation work is managed effectively. Ensuring the production of monthly post-contract cost reports and presenting them to the client. Value engineering and life cycle costing. Ensuring that final accounts are negotiated and agreed. Taking a lead role in interfacing with the client and other consultants, at all project stages. Working with Associate Directors and Directors to construct bids for new work. Identifying and acting upon opportunities to improve cost management procedures, templates and products.

Zinc hyperaccumulation :: science

Zinc hyperaccumulation Zinc hyperaccumulation in Thlaspi caerulescens as a chemical defence against herbivory ABSTRACT Thlaspi caerulescens is one of several plant species known to accumulate heavy metals in excess of 2% of their above ground plant biomass. The reasons for hyperaccumulation are unknown, but several studies conclude that it may be a plant chemical defence. This has been of interest to biologists because these metals are usually toxic. The accumulation of these metals may serve as a model for coevolution. We examined the effects of zinc hyperaccumulation in Thlaspi on Xanthomonas campestris and found that the plants containing zinc thrived when inoculated with this bacteria, while plants not containing zinc showed signs of deterioration. INTRODUCTION There are several wild plant species that have the ability to accumulate high quantities of heavy metals in their above ground biomass, up to three percent or more. Many of these plants are found in the Brassicaceae family throughout Europe and the British Isles. These plants thrive on mineral outcrops with calamine and serpentine soils rich with high levels of zinc, cadmium, and nickel (Baker et al, 1994). Several theories have been advanced on the reasons for this hyperaccumulation. Boyd and Martens propose that it could be a form of drought resistance, inadvertent uptake, interference, tolerance or disposal of metal from the plant, or a chemical defence against herbivory or pathogens. Several studies have supported the chemical defence hypothesis. Martens and Boyd (1994 and Boyd and Martens, 1994) showed that nickel hyperaccumulation is an effective defence against insect herbivores in two different feeding experiments. Boyd et at (1994) also demonstrated that nickel hyperaccumulating plants resisted pathogens including Xanthomonas campestris. Thlaspi caerulescens J. and C. Presl (Brassicaceae) is a hyperaccumulating plant found in the British Isles. It has been shown to accumulate 10,000 ppm (>1%) of its biomass in zinc (Bakeret at, 1994), and Pollard and Baker (1997) suggest that this is an effective defence against herbivory for this species. This paper explores the effects of zinc hyperaccumulation in Thlaspi as a defence against Xanthomonas campestris. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thlaspi caerulescens seeds were collected in Cloughwood, U. K. These seeds germinated on polyester beads supported in expanded polystyrene rafts floating on one-tenth strength Rorison's solution (Hewitt, 1966). These containers were placed in a Conviron E-15 environmental growth chamber at the following settings: 20 C, 90% RH, 16 hr day, and 8 hr night. After three weeks, twenty seedlings were transferred to 4 rafts composed of expanded styrene on polyethylene, each supporting five plants individually.

Religion and the Cause of War Essay example -- Religion War

Many times we can’t pin down the precise reason as to why wars are caused, but we can say as to why we choose to fight. We fight to defend what we believe in. Many would say that war is not caused by religion, but what exactly is religion? Religion is â€Å"Something one believes in and follows devotedly; a matter of ethics or conscience.† (dictionary) Although many things cause war, one cannot discount the role religion plays in the cause of war. According to Prominent US Catholic theologian Dr. William Cavanaugh â€Å"If one tries to limit the definition of religion to belief in God or gods, then certain belief systems that are usually called â€Å"religions† are eliminated, such as Theravada, Buddhism, and Confucianism. If the definition is expanded to include such belief systems, then all sorts of practices, including many that are usually labeled â€Å"secular,† fall under the definition of religion.† (Cavanaugh) This is a rather interesting s tatement, if we broaden our view on what religion actually is we can clearly see that â€Å"Religion† does have an impact on war. Some would say that religion only deals with those that believe and or follow God or gods others like Dr. Cavanaugh say that religion can consist of something entirely different. With this in mind we will begin our search on the role religion has in war we will first take a look at six out of the many recognized world Religions and what their beliefs are about war. A â€Å"Holy War† or a â€Å"Just War† is how some Religions justify war. The chart below shows six religions of the world and what their stance on war is. The outer ring shows the religions that do believe in any type of war and the inner ring shows the religions that do not believe in war, as you can see there are more religions t... ...Dictionary of World History. Oxford University Press, 2000. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Lake City Community College. 29 October 2010 http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t48.e1384 "Crusades" World Encyclopedia. Philip's, 2008. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Lake City Community College. 29 October 2010 .html?subview=Main&entry=t142.e2980> Cavanaugh, William. T. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford U.P., 1967. Print. "Civil War, American" World Encyclopedia. Philip's, 2008. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Lake City Community College. 30 October 2010 Alchin, Linda.â€Å"Middle Ages† 16 July 2006. 24 Nov. 2010 .web.

Harriet Tubman Essay -- American History Racism Essays

Harriet Tubman In the 1840 ¹s and 1850 ¹s American abolitionist ¹s were a small minority in every part of the country. Harriet Tubman was one of the women who joined the attack on slavery. She stood out from most of the other abolitionists. The evidence that I will present to you shows how she wasn ¹t satisfied merely to be free or even to give speeches against slavery. Harriet Tubman was important to the abolition movement because she put her ideas to action. Harriet was born a slave in Bucktown, Maryland 1. From the time she was born she was taught to be wary of the white men. Two of her sisters had been sold to a slave trader and she vowed that she would never let that happen to her.2 From my reading, Harriet Tubman seemed different from most of the other slaves around her. She had a rebellious nature, always getting into trouble. Her parents introduced her to religion, thinking maybe it would crush her rebellious nature. One way to deal with a difficult child was religion. Ben and Rit [Harriet ¹s parents] were regular churchgoers and Harriet learned Bible verses. Her favorite was  ³Lo ¹, I am with you always, even unto the end of the world. ² She also liked the Bible verses about deliverance. If she heard of a fugitive slave on his way north, she thought of the verse  ³Hide the outcast; betray him not that wandereth. (Bentley p.16) 3 So, even as a young girl, Harriet was already thinking about deliverance and fugitive slaves going north. She had heard of revolts and rebellions against slavery, and knowing how Harriet was, I ¹m sure she cheered them on. Harriet went to great lengths to protect her fellow slaves. Like every other slave, obviously, she too hated slavery. But I think there was more to slavery than just hate, for Harriet. In one case, she put her life on the line to protect a slave named Jim from getting beaten. She refused to move when a white supervisor asked her to help him tie up Jim for a whipping. When Jim made a run for it, Harriet blocked the supervisor from chasing after Jim. So, he grabbed a 2lb. weight and threw it towards Jim. The weight hit Harriet in the forehead instead, and Jim got away.4 Luckily, Harriet survived her near-death experience.  ³The mark on Harriet ¹s forehead remained a visible scar of the brutality of slavery. The wound went deep into her heart. ² (Bentley p.24) In 1849, Harriet ¹s master, Edward Brode... ...f the inspiration and hope she gave to her people. Harriet was even nicknamed  ³Moses ² by the people she saved. She did what others were too scared to do. It wasn ¹t guaranteed that Harriet would be successful on every single mission. In my eyes she had a lot to lose if she was caught, but I think to her she felt like at least she had saved some slaves. What sacrifice! Harriet Tubman was more than an ex-slave turned abolitionist. She was also a nurse and a spy for the Union Army. Always one to turn dreams into action, she joined the war effort in 1861. Harriet was probably the first women, black or white, to go to the battle front. 9 The army used her as a spy, liaison, and a nurse. So even when she wasn ¹t taking groups of slaves up north, she was still helping others. What an incredible woman! Harriet ¹s diligence to do right, and her determination to keep with it until her purpose was fulfilled, still inspires me today. I do admire Martin Luther King, Jr. and many other abolitionists, but not as much as Harriet Tubman. I don ¹t know of any other woman that accomplished as much as she did, in one lifetime. Harriet Tubman truly is the ultimate hero of the abolition movement. Harriet Tubman Essay -- American History Racism Essays Harriet Tubman In the 1840 ¹s and 1850 ¹s American abolitionist ¹s were a small minority in every part of the country. Harriet Tubman was one of the women who joined the attack on slavery. She stood out from most of the other abolitionists. The evidence that I will present to you shows how she wasn ¹t satisfied merely to be free or even to give speeches against slavery. Harriet Tubman was important to the abolition movement because she put her ideas to action. Harriet was born a slave in Bucktown, Maryland 1. From the time she was born she was taught to be wary of the white men. Two of her sisters had been sold to a slave trader and she vowed that she would never let that happen to her.2 From my reading, Harriet Tubman seemed different from most of the other slaves around her. She had a rebellious nature, always getting into trouble. Her parents introduced her to religion, thinking maybe it would crush her rebellious nature. One way to deal with a difficult child was religion. Ben and Rit [Harriet ¹s parents] were regular churchgoers and Harriet learned Bible verses. Her favorite was  ³Lo ¹, I am with you always, even unto the end of the world. ² She also liked the Bible verses about deliverance. If she heard of a fugitive slave on his way north, she thought of the verse  ³Hide the outcast; betray him not that wandereth. (Bentley p.16) 3 So, even as a young girl, Harriet was already thinking about deliverance and fugitive slaves going north. She had heard of revolts and rebellions against slavery, and knowing how Harriet was, I ¹m sure she cheered them on. Harriet went to great lengths to protect her fellow slaves. Like every other slave, obviously, she too hated slavery. But I think there was more to slavery than just hate, for Harriet. In one case, she put her life on the line to protect a slave named Jim from getting beaten. She refused to move when a white supervisor asked her to help him tie up Jim for a whipping. When Jim made a run for it, Harriet blocked the supervisor from chasing after Jim. So, he grabbed a 2lb. weight and threw it towards Jim. The weight hit Harriet in the forehead instead, and Jim got away.4 Luckily, Harriet survived her near-death experience.  ³The mark on Harriet ¹s forehead remained a visible scar of the brutality of slavery. The wound went deep into her heart. ² (Bentley p.24) In 1849, Harriet ¹s master, Edward Brode... ...f the inspiration and hope she gave to her people. Harriet was even nicknamed  ³Moses ² by the people she saved. She did what others were too scared to do. It wasn ¹t guaranteed that Harriet would be successful on every single mission. In my eyes she had a lot to lose if she was caught, but I think to her she felt like at least she had saved some slaves. What sacrifice! Harriet Tubman was more than an ex-slave turned abolitionist. She was also a nurse and a spy for the Union Army. Always one to turn dreams into action, she joined the war effort in 1861. Harriet was probably the first women, black or white, to go to the battle front. 9 The army used her as a spy, liaison, and a nurse. So even when she wasn ¹t taking groups of slaves up north, she was still helping others. What an incredible woman! Harriet ¹s diligence to do right, and her determination to keep with it until her purpose was fulfilled, still inspires me today. I do admire Martin Luther King, Jr. and many other abolitionists, but not as much as Harriet Tubman. I don ¹t know of any other woman that accomplished as much as she did, in one lifetime. Harriet Tubman truly is the ultimate hero of the abolition movement.

Creative writing Belonging

His bony elbow protruded from beneath a thin brown layer of skin, its leathery texture coated with blistering sweat sparkled underneath the unmerciful sun as he leant against his cab. We exchanged glances and spoke in native tongues. As he spoke his skeletal fingers flick the sweat soaked hair from his eyes. Pointed towards the trunk and flung my Pravda luggage beneath the hood. He turned on the radio to a soft Vietnamese melody and headed towards my grandmother's home.I sat in the back, watched the passing sceneries In an alarm- conditioned cab as if they were a movie. I watched as the pale clouds enveloped the sky, engulfed the sun and swallowed my everyday worries. Below on the grassy paddocks kids aged around 6-7, with bent backs and lifted buttocks, worked for their daily meals, knees deep in muddy water, fingers groping pitifully against the blood sucking leeches. Their ‘among la', straw hats, hung over their eyes, their dark pupils dilated and fingers numbed at each plun ge they made Into the murky water.As the driver pulled over at a gas station, got out and headed towards one of the teenage rockers an old man limping with a twisted leg, held raffle tickets In one hand while the other hung mutilated and broken by his side. He begged and begged with a cracked voice choking on each word that sipped from his lips, â€Å"Plea, please I beg of you. Leap me, MME poor. I have nothing. † HIS elongated fingers slipped through the window and begged for money. I stared at his desperation In disbelief, and handed over 100,000 dung, five dollars Australian money.He bowed and bowed as he walked off, glancing back with thanks In his eyes. As he left, more and more beggars started to crowd the car, In pure panic I rolled up my window and watched In disgust as they slammed and rocked the car begging for money. They were Like zombies In an apocalypse. I hate this. I hate this place. I held both hands over my ears, shut my eyes and started humming. The driver emerged from the crowd and made his way towards the front seat. We drove off leaving the Image of poverty behind us. The driver turned and called out to me.HIS deep vibrant voice contrasted against his outward appearance, he tapped me and told me that we had arrived. The vivacious azure colored wall winked at me, welcoming me through the door. There grandmother stood with open arms, she brushed back my fringe and gave me a warm reassuring kiss that wiped away my Jet lag and provided me with the comfort that I missed. The warm embrace made me forget the poverty that was Just on the other side of the wall. It made me realism that even If I worried about the poverty that existed outside, I could do nothing to help It.And soon the worry had disappeared. Nothing but the lingering warmth remained. Grandmother's home. I sat in the back, watched the passing sceneries in an air- dilated and fingers numbed at each plunge they made into the murky water. As the workers an old man limping with a twisted leg, held raffle tickets in one hand while you. Leap me, MME poor. I have nothing. † His elongated fingers slipped through the window and begged for money. I stared at his desperation in disbelief, and he walked off, glancing back with thanks in his eyes.As he left, more and more gears started to crowd the car, in pure panic I rolled up my window and watched in disgust as they slammed and rocked the car begging for money. They were like zombies in an apocalypse. I hate this. I hate this place. Made his way towards the front seat. We drove off leaving the image of poverty behind us. The driver turned and called out to me. His deep vibrant voice contrasted other side of the wall. It made me realism that even if I worried about the poverty that existed outside, I could do nothing to help it. And soon the worry had disappeared.

Othello Questions Essay

ACT I 1. While Shakespeare presents the world of Venice as a place of civilization, is slow turns into a place of un-civilization and disputes. For example, Roderigo and Iago wake up Brabantio and tell him that there are thieves in his house. In reply, Brabantio says â€Å"This is Venice. My house is not a grange.† This shows how Venice is not usually a place with interrupting events. . Shakespeare also shows how Venice is slowing becoming corrupt. This is demonstrated when Desdemona elopes with Othello. Brabantio orders a search to get Othello. When Othello tells the Duke Brabantio accusation are false another search is put in place for Desdemona for questioning. Desdemona tells her dad that she is married to the Moor, Othello. Brabantio then disowns Desdemona, his daughter which is a sign of Venice becoming un-civilized. This is showing un-civilization because in Venice it is highly unlikely for a white women to marry a black man and for a women to disobey her father’s orde rs. Since Shakespeare does not go into much detail about Othello’s background, it seems as if his homeland is unimportant. Othello is referred to as a Moor which is a common name given to those who are from Africa. 2. Since Shakespeare starts the play with Roderigo and Iago, it to give the audience important information the plot. They both contribute to the exposition because they help the audience understand the situation through Iago’s and Roderigo’s point of view. Iago is a very intelligent, manipulative man and Roderigo is a foolish, gullible and stupid. Iago relationship with Roderigo is that he is just using him Roderigo is devastated to learn that Desdemona had eloped with Othello, so Iago uses this too his advantage. In act 1 scene 3 Roderigo says, â€Å"What should I do? / I confess it is my shame to be so fond, but it is not in my virtue to amend it.† This quote shows Roderigo talking to Iago about his love for Desdemona. 3. Since Iago expected to be promoted to lieutenant, and Michael Cassio got the spot instead, Iago plotted his revenge against both Cassio and Othello. Iago was close with Othello at the beginning and throughout the play continues to pretend to be friends with him but is not. This shows how Iago is not very trustful. The following quote expresses Iago’s angry towards the situation. â€Å"Off-capped to him, and by the faith of man I know my price, I am worth no worse a place. But he (as loving his own pride and  purposes) Evades them with a bombast circumstance Horribly stuffed with epithets of war, And in conclusion Nonsuits my mediators. For ‘Certes,’ says he, ‘I have already chose my officer.’ And what was he? Forsooth, a great arithmetician, One Michael Cassio, a Florentine.† The following quote shows how upset Iago is with Michael Cassio getting the promotion, and this is the reason why Iago is angry with Othello. 4. Since Othello is a black man from an unidentified part of Northern Africa, he is seen as an outsider in Venice. He was once enslaved and has gone on many harsh battles and journeys in many parts of the world. Yet, Othello has a tendency to try and find the best in people and he trusts many until it is proven that he should no longer have faith in them. Othello is well known to be a good general due to his past experience in war and he is respectful towards people even when they are not respectful to him. This can be seen in the following quote when Brabantio is very rude and disrespectful to Othello but he responds saying, â€Å"Hold your hands, Both of you of my inclining and the rest†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This shows how he is raining calm in a very heated conversation. When Othello speaks and interacts with other characters he is respectful because he is an outsider and does not feel comfortable as he would in his homeland. By marrying Desdemona Othello is able to feel less like an out sider in the community in Venice and Cyprus. 5. Since Desdemona was sneaky about her love for Othello her father, Brabantio did not know about Othello and Desdemona seeing each other. Brabantio is awakened late at night by Roderigo and Iago yelling at him that there is a thief in his house who has stolen his daughter, Desdemona. Brabantio and Roderigo have a discussion about how the Moor and Desdemona are seeing each other. The following quote shows the conversation with Roderigo and Brabantio talking about Desdemona and the Moor. â€Å"Brabantio: Raise all my kindred. –Are they married think you? Roderigo: Truly, I think they are.† Act I Scene I Page 19 Lines 187-190. The quote shows how Roderigo is informing Brabantio that his daughter, Desdemona and Othello are married. Brabantio believes that the Moor casted a spell upon Desdemona in order for Desdemona to fall in love with Othello. This shows that at the time women were expected to love a man that her father would approve of. The following quote is a conversation between Brabantio and Othello. The quotation shows how Brabantio believes Othello placed a spell upon Desdemona so that she would fall in love with him. â€Å"Damned as thou art,  thou hast enchanted her!† Act I Scene II Page 25 Line 83. The quote shows how upset Brabantio is at Othello because Othello and Desdemona are together. The following quotation reveals how Desdemona and Brabantio react toward each other about the marriage. â€Å"Desdemona: I am hitherto your daughter. But here’s my husband†¦. Brabantio: God be with you! I have done.† Act I Scene III Page 41 Lines 213- 219. Brabantio could not accept the fact that Desdemona is in love with Othello. The quote shows how Brabantio tells Desdemona that he is disowning her and how he wants nothing to do with Desdemona anymore. It is important that Desdemona and her father separate at this time in the play because it allows Iago to put his plan of savage into action. Desdemona has no family anymore and now she is going to travel with Othello to a place of warfare. At this point in the play Desdemona is very vulnerable. 6. Othello’s and Desdemona’s understanding of their love and relationship are not equivalent to one another. Othello believes their love was founded upon his valiancy and torturous past. Desdemona feels that she fell for his sincerity and strength, thus intriguing her and gaining her love. When Othello must explain his love for Desdemona in the presence of her father and the Venetian council he explains he wooed her through his chivalrous stories and he loved her for her sympathy and aww, not because of qualities she possessed. He explained â€Å"My story being done, she gave me for my pains a world of sighs†¦ she thanked me and bade me, if I had a friend that loved her, I should but teach him how to tell my story, and that would woo her. Upon this hint I spake. She loved me for the dangers I had passed, and I loved her that she did pity them† (Act 1. Sc. 3).   He in the end loved her for stroking his ego and she loved him for his bravery and heart, though he lacked in humbleness. Othello and Desdemona do not share a reciprocated love for one another. 7. Because Iago and Othello are contrasting characters, their manners of speaking are very different. Othello’s character is very respectful to others. Even when he is being insulted, he remains calm. He is also very truthful and open with his words. On the other hand, Iago is duplicitous throughout Act 1. He often has double meanings behind his words. For example, he tells Brabantio, â€Å"An old black ram/ Is tupping your white ewe†. This is a crude way of telling Brabantio that Othello has married Desdemona. This shows the difference between the characters. It is also significant since Othello’s trusting nature is what  Iago will use to betray him. 8. When the Duke of Venice tells Brabantio, â€Å"Your son in law is more fair than black.† this shows that not everyone in Venice shares Brabantio’s views on Othello. The Duke wants Brabantio to look beneath his son in laws skin and see that he is fair and deserves to be respected. He Senators and the Duke admire Othello and that is why the Duke defended Othello when Brabantio accused his of using â€Å"witchcraft† on Desdemona. The Duke then responded and gave Othello the compliment that he is â€Å"fair†. This word is troubling because it makes people think about Othello’s race and how he is different from everyone else. Even the color of his skin has not prevented him from achieving high rank in the Venetian society. These achievements have earned Othello respect from the people around him. By reading the play Othello you are able to depict the Venetian society in depth. 9. Since Brarbantio’s says to Othello â€Å"She has deceived her father, and may thee,† it shows how Desdemona might betray Othello. This is very important because later in the play Othello thinks that Desdemona does betray him. The play show that women are viewed in society as being loose, and untrust worthy. 10. Since Othello is more of an outside he would fit in with the Turkish society. It is very important that Othello protects Cyprus because it communicates to the audience that the Venetian and the religion is superior, showing that Othello has much power. Act II 1. In Act 2 Shakespeare represents Cyprus as the land of partying and recklessness. This furthers the action of the play because it gives Iago a lead in his plan.Cyprus is described very highly by Othello in the following quote â€Å"How does my old acquaintance of this isle?—Honey, you shall be well desired in Cyprus, I have found great love amongst them. O my sweet†¦,† Shakespeare uses Cyprus because it’s the perfect place to help Iago get revenge on Othello without any suspicions being raised. In Cyprus everyone lets is excited that they do not have to fight in the war and have a lot of celebrations. This furthers the action because Iago gets Cassio drunk and Cassio’s lieutenancy gets stripped, the following quote shows Cassio upset that he got his lieutenancy taken away. â€Å"Reputation, reputation, Reputation! O, I have lost my reputation!† This builds suspense because the audience is starting to see how Iagos plan is slowly falling into place. 2. Since Cassio is handsome, trusting and brave he is a very unique character. He helped confort Desdemona when Othello was still at sea. The following quote showings how respectful, kind, and caring Cassio is to Desdemona, â€Å"Hail to thee, Lady and the grace of heaven†¦ He is not yet arrived, nor know I aught but that he’s well and will be shortly here.† This quote shows Cassios respect towards Desdemona and him calming her down about Othello not being present. 3. Cassio is manipulated by Iago because Iago is planning to ruin Cassio so he can get the place as lieutenant. Iago learns about Cassio’s weaknesses and uses them against him. This includes his drinking problem, which led to Cassio getting fired by Othello. Also Cassio’s reputation for with women sets the basis for how Iago convinced Othello that Cassio was interested in Desdemona. Iago knows that by getting Othello to think Desdemona is cheating on him, that he will become extremely distraught. Iago uses Brabantio’s words to sway Othello’s thoughts throughout the text. In the beginning, Brabantio said â€Å"Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see: She has deceived her father, and may thee.† Which means, she deceived me and she will most likely do it to you too. 4. As the audience reads through Act II Iago’s plan begins to unfold. It is also revealed to the audience that Iago has a way of identifying other characters weaknesses and then manipulating these weaknesses to his advantage. As Iago begins to share his plans and ideas the audience receives more insight into the plot of the story and what Iago has in mind next. Iago deceives people by always making them believe that he is keeping their best interest in mind. By having the other characters believe that he is â€Å"honest Iago,† as the characters come to call him, he is then able to persuade them to believe something or do something else that will help Iago with his plan. Iago is revealed to be a sly character with only his own interests in mind. A quote from Othello when Iago is speaking falsely is, â€Å"I had rather have this tongue cut from my mouth/ Than it should do offense to Micheal Cassio.† (Othello, Verses 236-237) This quote shows the readers how Iago sa ys one thing to other characters, when the audience knows that he wants to get rid of Micheal Cassio. Even though the audience knows that Iago is speaking falsely, the other characters in the play still have no suspicion about Iago’s plan of revenge. This dialogue is one way that we learn more  about Iago in the second act. 5. Since Cassio and Iago are foils, the language they use to speak to others are very different. Cassio speaks more respectfully while Iago is rude and wit. For example the following quote shows how Cassio is speaking very highly and respectful when talking to Desdemona. â€Å"Hail to thee, lady, and the grace of heaven, before, behind thee, and on every hand Enwheel thee round.† (Act 2 Scene 1 Page 65 Lines 94-96) In contrast, Iago is very disrespectful to women especially to his wife, Emilia. The following quote shows Iago yelling at his wife to be quite. â€Å"Go to! Charm your tounge†¦.What, are you mad? I charge you to get home.† (Act 5 Scene 2 Page 251 Lines 222 and 231) The quote shows how Iago’s dictions is far more ill-mannered in contrast to Cassio’s language. Act III 1. In the beginning of Act 3, Scene 3 Othello is madly in love with Desdemona, but towards the end he becomes full of jealousy. Othello believes that Desdemona has had an affair with his once loyal lieutenant, Cassio. The reason he trust in such lies is because his good friend, Iago, has convinced Othello of Desdemona’s dishonesty. Iago persuades Othello by feeding him false grotesque images of Cassio and Desdemona and Gplants Desdemona’s handkerchief, a gift from Othello, in Cassio’s room. â€Å"I know not that; but such a handkerchief- / I am sure it was your wife’s – did today / See Cassio wipe his beard with† (Act 3, Sc. 3). What is most surprising is Othello, who quickly believes Iago’s statements. Othello, obviously not completely trusting Desdemona to be faithful, was most likely led to this paranoia after Desdemona’s father, Brabantio, planted the thought of her betraying Othello after Brabantio was betrayed by Desdemona himself. With this proof, Othello has no option but to believe Iago and his persuasive and duplicitous dialogue. 2. Emilia develops a close relationship with Desdemona. Emilia and Desdemona bond over husband trouble: Emilia’s bitter take on her married life with Iago contrasts with Desdemona’s marriage to Othello. Emilia is honest even though she caused the mess with Desdemona murder, but she redeems herself, or at least gives a good shot at trying. Emilia who discovers the truth about Iago’s plotting and tries to reveal it. Emilia’s relationship with Iago is not strong, and Iago uses Emilia as his tool. Iago  has no ability to love someone or something. This quote is proof that her husband uses her, â€Å"The ills we do, their ills (husbands’) instruct us so?†(Act 3) 3. In the play Othello, Shakespeare uses a love token, Desdemona’s handkerchief to symbolize a relationship between two people. Othello gave Desdemona a handkerchief, as a gift that represented their marriage bond itself. One problem that the handkerchief causes is that it was handled by almost everyone in the play. The main thing the handkerchief symbolizes is Desdemona’s fidelity for Othello. When Cassio gets ahold of the handkerchief, Othello feels as though Desdemona has been unfaithful to him. When Desdemona is trying to ease Othello’s headache she drops her handkerchief. Emilia picks it up and gives it to Iago, her husband so she could get on his good side. â€Å"I am glad I have found this napkin. This was her first remembrance from the Moor. My wayward husband hath a hundred times wooed me to steal it. But she so loves the token.† (Act 3 Scene 3 Lines 334 to 337) Iago then tells Othello that Cassio has wiped his beard with Desdemona’s handke rchief and that’s when they decide to kill both Desdemona and Cassio. Desdemona continues to look for her lost handkerchief and when Othello asks for it, she gets even more nervous. With Desdemona’s handkerchief it made all of Iago’s plan to come togethe Othello Questions Act IV 1. The handkerchief of all things plays a key and important role in act four because it is what leads Othello to believe that Cassio has slept with Desdemona. â€Å"Handkerchief – confession- handkerchief – to confess and be hanged for his labor† (Act 4 Scene 1) this quote by Othello explains his thoughts towards Cassio and Desdemona seeing each other. Othello becomes very upset because the handkerchief was the first gift from Othello to Desdemona to represent his love for her. 2. Othello’s character is changing by in the beginning of the play Othello begins as a noble guy who is a respected war hero, and loving husband. Towards the end of the play Othello becomes violent and insanely jealous husband who murders his own wife after Iago convinces him that Desdemona has been unfaithful. The following quote shows Desdemona being slapped by Othello â€Å"Othello: I am glad to see you mad. Desdemona: Why, sweet Othello! Othello: [Striking her] Devil!† This shows  how Othello slowly becomes less respectful towards Desdemona which is how his character is changing. 3. The effect when Othello slapped his wife Desdemona in public was that he was becoming an insane man and that he wasn’t fit to be the general anymore. Also the slap brought humiliation upon Othello because no one thought he would slap his wife that he was so loving and gentle towards. The following quote shows Lodovico speaking with Iago about Othellos behavior. â€Å"Is this the noble Moor whom our full senate Call all in all sufficient? Is this the nature Whom passion could not shake? Whose solid virtue The shot of accident nor dart of chance Could neither graze nor pierce?† When people saw this, they began to question Othello’s judgment. This reveals the change in character within Othello. He went from a loving, nice leader unto an angry, abusive man. 4. The contrasting characters; Desdemona and Emilia, form an interesting and important relationship in the play Othello. Desdemona is very ‘sheltered’ from the ways of the world and Emilia is very ‘down to earth’ and ‘experienced’. They have very different views on marriage Emilia states she would commit adultery if it gained her husband. The following quote shows their conversation. â€Å"Emilia: In troth, I think I should, and undo ’t when I had done. Marry, I would not do such a thing for a joint-ring, nor for measures of lawn, nor for gowns, petticoats, nor caps, nor any petty exhibition. But for the whole world? Why, who would not make her husband a cuckold to make him a monarch? I should venture purgatory for ’t. Desdemona: Beshrew me, if I would do such a wrong for the whole world† .Desdemona states that she is loyal to her husband. One thing that is similar about these marriages is the lack of trust and patience reve al the fragileness of the marriage. This scene shows the women’s private life and how they are not always the way the display themselves. Othello Questions Act V 1. Othello kills Desdemona because he was convinced by Iago that she was cheating on him with Cassio. He doesn’t want to have to kill her because she is the love of his life, but Othello feels so betrayed, upset, and angry that he thinks it’s the best solution. The audience knows that Desdemona was always completely loyal to Othello and never had a relationship with Cassio.  Othello thinks that he is solving the problem but really he is making a huge mistake. He is so distraught over having murdered her, that he kills himself as well. â€Å"Yet I’ll not shed her blood; Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow, And smooth as monumental alabaster. Yet she must die, else she’ll betray more men. Put out the light, and then put out the light: If I quench thee, thou flaming minister, I can again thy former light restore, Should I repent me: but once put out thy light, Thou cunning’st pattern of excelling nature, I know not where is that Promethean h eat That can thy light relume. When I have pluck’d the rose, I cannot give it vital growth again. It must needs wither: I’ll smell it on the tree† The quote shows how he was struggling with choosing if he should kill her or not to. 2. After the death of Desdemona, Emilia begins to figure out Iago’s plan. Once Emilia is able to figure it while talking with, she begans to realize her husband’s true self. Before Iago was not very pleasant toward his wife, Emilia, but she never said anything about it because women were supposed to be obedient Emilia starts to speak out because she is upset of Desdemona’s murder. Emilia says, â€Å"Do thy worst.† To Othello as he pulls out his sword on her even though she is unarmed but he is mad because she is defying a man and that was not allowed during that time period. Women were expected to be compliant, which is shown to later when Emilia says, â€Å"I will not charm my tongue, I am bound to speak.† This quote shows how women were not supposed to give their input into things. Because Emilia finally stood up for herself and others, consequently she was killed by Iago. 3. Before Othello kills himself he gives a long speech about how he should be remembered. For example he wants to be remembered as a person who loves strongly but not wisely. After he stabs himself he kisses Desdemona because before he killed her he kissed her and wants to do the same for himself. The following quotation shows this. â€Å"I kissed thee ere I killed thee. No way but this, Killing myself, to die upon a kiss.† Act V Scene II Page 265 Lines 420-421. He does confess to killing Desdemona and regrets it greatly. The Play as a whole 1. When Iago is describing his vengeful plan against Othello to his loyal companion, Roderigo, he explains that he is not what he will disguise  himself to be. The quote â€Å"I am not what I am† (Act 1, Sc. 1) told by Iago could also apply to more than one of the characters. Desdemona, portrayed by her father as a timid and naà ¯ve child, is the one who betrays his trust by eloping with â€Å"The Moor†, Othello. â€Å"Your daughter, if you have not given her leave, / I say again, hath made a gross revolt, / Tying her duty, beauty, wit, and fortunes / In an extravagant and wheeling stranger† (Act 1, Sc. 1). Therefore, in the text, Iago is not the only character who pretends to be something they are not in order to trick someone else and disguise their underlying plans. 2. Since Iago destroyed Othello’s life very cruelly, it is likely that he had several motives for his deception. In the beginning, Iago states that he felt betrayed that Othello had promoted Cassio to the position he felt he deserved. This was probably a large factor of his deception, since Cassio was targeted for murder in Iago’s plot. Another motive was that there were rumors about Othello sleeping with Iago’s wife, Emilia. Iago also causes Desdemona’s death, saying, â€Å"Nothing can or shall content my soul / Till I am evened with him, wife for wife†. In the end, jealousy of Othello seems to be Iago’s motive. He is jealous of Cassio’s promotion, jealous of Othello’s beautiful wife and feels betrayed by Othello. 3. During this play Iago is able to manipulate Othello threw his weaknesses which are self doubt, his race and that he is madly in love with Desdemona. Iago uses all of the characters weaknesses to catapult their downfall. Mostly, he wants Othello to pay for what he did by making Cassio lieutenant and not him. From the beginning of the play, Iago proclaimed that he would make Othello pay by saying, â€Å"I am not what I am.† (Act 1 Scene 1 Line 71) Othello is prone to jealously is afraid that Desdemona will leave him for a Venetian man. This also plays into his race because he always feels like an outsider throughout the whole play. One reason Othello was manipulated so easily was because of all the â€Å"proof† Iago was giving him. When Iago was telling him this information, Othello should have gone to figure out if it was true; if Othello would have noticed Iago was being dishonest. Desdemona ended up paying for Othello gullibility when Othello smothered her with a pi llow. Racial tension is heavy during the play because they really want to emphasize that Othello is an outsider and doesn’t belong in Venice. The only reason Othello has power is because he is the General, but even though he is the general he still is modest. When  talking to the Duke in Act 1 Scene 3 he starts off explaining how he is a bad poet but then says this elaborate and long explanation about his and Desdemona’s love. From the beginning to the end Iago was able to manipulate everyone because they were all caught up in somebody or something else. 4. Since Emilia and Desdemona had different viewpoints on love, the play does not suggest whether or not Emilia or Desdemona is correct. Emilia and Iago’s relationship was not very loving, also Emilia said she would cheat on her husband which indirectly states she is not loyal to him. In contrast, Desdemona is very loyal and loving towards Othello, even after she was done wrong by him she was still loyal. This can be shown in the following quote when Desdemona is dying after Othello kills her â€Å"Desdemona: A guiltless death I die. Emilia: O, who hath done this deed? Desdemona: Nobody, I myself.† This shows how she still is remaining loyal to Othello by not saying that he killed her. 5. Othello’s heroic and military proficiency allow him partial acceptance into Venetian society. This acceptance is temporary because he doesn’t feel that he has been embraced by Venetian Society, he is both an insider and an outsider. On one hand, he is a Christian and experienced military leader, commanding respect from the Duke, and many Venetian citizens. On the other hand, being a black Moor and a foreigner in Venice also subjects Othello to some racism epically by Brabantio and Iago. The following quote shows Iago describing Othello and Desdemona’s relationship â€Å"Even now, now, very now, an old black ram ewe. Arise, arise; devil will make a grandsire of you. Is tupping your white Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, Arise I say!† The quote shows a racial slur toward Othello. 6. The addition of Bianca, causes her to be more of a women stereotype. Cassio does not mistreat his wife unlike Iago and Othello. Bianca is not seen as much throughout the play. On the other hand, Desdemona is a brave and beautiful woman who stood up to her father, and traveled with her husband. Desdemona and Othello have a very strong relationship at the beginning of the play. Othello starts out very respectful towards his wife, but slowly is rude to her. Emilia and Iago are married, but Iago does not respect Emilia and he treats her badly, he says â€Å"To have a foolish wife.† He does not have any respect for her. Iago says rude things to Emilia and all  she does is try and please him. All three of the women have one thing in common, they all end up without a husband at the end of the play. 7. The play does reinforce racial stereotypes. For example, Othello is addressed as a moor, making it seem as though he isn’t at the same level as them in the social hierarchy. The following quote is an example of when Othello is referred to as the Moor. â€Å"Is this the noble Moor?† Even though he is called the noble Moor is he not address by name, which makes him seem more of an outsider. 8. I believe that we should admire Desdemona for her love. She did everything she could to make Othello happy. It is very unfortunate that Iago was able to manipulate Othello into thinking he had to kill her for something that she didn’t do. â€Å"I kiss’d thee ere I kill’d thee: no way but this; 359 Killing myself, to die upon a kiss.† 9. Shakespeare has placed a very small amount of action in the play and instead placed a large amount of dialogue. Shakespeare’s reasoning behind this use of dialogue is to affect the reader by allowing them to get to know the characters more. This allows the characters to be characterized by what they say and by what other characters say about them. The readers then go through and are preserved through the eyes of others, mostly Iago, and this allows Shakespeare to help and give certain information to the audience. Also, the reader learns a lot about the characters through dialogue and dialogue helps the reader to feel more involved in the play. When Iago says, â€Å"I am not what I am,† the audience is able to feel more involved and to get more information regarding Iago’s characterization than in other parts of the play. 10. Because Iago is trying to get revenge on Othello for not being promoted, the main theme of the text would be jealousy. Iago is jealous of Cassio that he got the promotion to become lieutenant. The following quote shows how Iago is upset that he was not promoted. â€Å"I know my price, I am worth no worse a place†¦ say he, ‘I have already chose my officer.’ And what was he? Forsooth, a great arithmetician one Michael Cassio†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Act 1 Scene 1 Page 7 Lines 12-21) The quote shows how jealous Iago is that Othello chose Michael Cassio to be lieutenant. Another way Othello by William Shakespeare, shows jealousy is when Othello kills his wife because he thinks that she is cheating on him. It seems that Desdemona is cheating on Othello with Cassio, but she is not. Sadly Othello does not know that it is Iago’s plan to get revenge on Othello. Consequently, Othello kills his own wife. The following quote  shows when Othello confronts his wife about seei ng Cassio, also the quote shows Othello killing his wife. â€Å"By heaven, I saw my handkerchief in ’s hand. O perjured woman, thou dost stone my heart, (Act 5 Scene 2 Page 241 Lines 77-78) ‘Twas I that killed her.† (Act 5 Scene 2 Page 247 Line 160) This quote shows how Othello was jealous that Desdemona was with other guys. Since the plot revolves around jealousy it is appropriate that the main theme in this text would be jealously.